| 词条 | George S. Messersmith |
| 释义 |
| name = George S. Messersmith | image = George S. Messersmith.jpg | imagesize = | country = Argentina | predecessor = Spruille Braden | successor = James Bruce | president = Harry S. Truman | term_start = April 12, 1946 | term_end = June 12, 1947 | ambassador_from = United States | country1 = Mexico | predecessor1 = Josephus Daniels | successor1 = Walter C. Thurston | president1 = Franklin D. Roosevelt | term_start1 = February 24, 1942 | term_end1 = May 15, 1946 | ambassador_from1 = United States | country2 = Cuba | predecessor2 = J. Butler Wright | successor2 = Spruille Braden | president2 = Franklin D. Roosevelt | term_start2 = March 8, 1940 | term_end2 = February 8, 1942 | ambassador_from2 = United States |office3 = United States Assistant Secretary of State | predecessor3 = Sumner Welles | successor3 = Hugh R. Wilson | president3 =Franklin D. Roosevelt | term_start3 = July 9, 1937 | term_end3 = February 15, 1940[1] | country4 = Austria | predecessor4 = George Howard Earle III | successor4 = Grenville T. Emmet | president4 = Franklin D. Roosevelt | term_start4 = April 7, 1934 | term_end4 = July 11, 1937 | ambassador_from4 = United States |birth_name=George Strausser Messersmith | birth_date = October 3, 1883 | birth_place = Fleetwood, Pennsylvania | death_date = {{Death date and age|1960|1|29|1883|10|3}} | nationality = American | party = | spouse = | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = Lawyer, Diplomat | religion = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }}George Strausser Messersmith (October 3, 1883 – January 29, 1960) was a United States ambassador to Austria, Cuba, Mexico, and Argentina. Messersmith also served as head of the US Consulate in Germany from 1930 to 1934, during the rise of the Nazi Party.[2] He was best known in his day for his controversial decision to issue a visa to Albert Einstein to travel to the United States.[3] He is also known today for his diplomatic handling of King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson, later Duke and Duchess of Windsor, in the era before World War II.[4] Education and early careerMessersmith, a graduate of Keystone State Normal School,[2] was a teacher and then school administrator from 1900 to 1914. Then, he entered the foreign service[5] and left his position as vice president of the Delaware State Board of Education to become US consul in Fort Erie, Ontario.[6] After serving as a US consul at Curacao (1916–1919) and Antwerp (1919–1925), he became US Consul General for Belgium and Luxembourg in 1925.[7] He served as US Consul General in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 1928 to 1930.[5] Consul for BerlinIn 1930, Messersmith left his position in Argentina to accept the same position in Berlin.[8] There, he became responsible for administering the annual German quota.[9] While he did not personally interview Albert Einstein, Messersmith cleared the way for the scientist to leave Germany.[9][10][11] He called Einstein himself to tell him that his visa would be ready.[11] He was viciously criticized by conservative groups and media for his action to issue a visa to Einstein.[3][10][12] Messersmith received significant notoriety in late 1932 due to the incident.[3] Messersmith told the American consuls in Europe that refugees or immigrants requesting a visa to enter the US had to have sufficient funds and property to support themselves.[9] As America's consul general in Berlin in 1933, Messersmith wrote a dispatch to the State Department that dramatically contravened the popular view that Hitler had no consensus among the German people and would not remain in power: {{quote|I wish it were really possible to make our people at home understand how definitely this martial spirit is being developed in Germany. If this government remains in power for another year, and it carries on in the measure in this direction, it will go far toward making Germany a danger to world peace for years to come. With few exceptions, the men who are running the government are of a mentality that you and I cannot understand. Some of them are psychopathic cases and would ordinarily be receiving treatment somewhere."[13]}}Minister to AustriaHis service in Germany ended in February 1934, when President Franklin Roosevelt nominated him to be US Ambassador to Uruguay,[14] only to renominate him the next month as Minister to Austria before his service in Uruguay could begin.[15] On January 17, 1935, Edward Albert (later Edward VIII), the Prince of Wales, was visiting Vienna on vacation with his new mistress, Wallis Simpson. While Simpson went off shopping, Edward met with President Wilhelm Miklass and Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg of Austria. Messersmith had spies at the meeting who reported to the State Department through him on the meeting's goal: solidifying the Balkan Pact.[16] When Edward abdicated in December 1936, he visited Messersmith, who spied on him, in Vienna and made "what amounted to a detailed watching brief on the duke."[17] They became friends, even attending Christmas day services together later that month.[17] Messersmith continued to socialize with Edward, attending a concert by soprano Joan Hammond on February 3, 1937.[18] That month, Edward confided in him that the Earl of Harewood, his brother-in-law, had treated him "shabbily."[18] After the Duke and the Duchess of Windsor were married in June 1937, they honeymooned in Austria, and Simpson confided to Messersmith about her bitterness towards the American media.[19] In return, Messersmith accidentally leaked through them that the Americans knew that Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy had secret connections as early as that month.[19] When Messersmith returned to Washington, DC, in August 1937, he informed the British authorities that the Windsors had Nazi connections, which "would seriously affect the Windsors' entire future."[19] Later careerFrom 1937 to 1940, between his appointments as Minister to Austria and Ambassador to Cuba, he served as a US Assistant Secretary of State. As chief of the Foreign Service Promotion Board, Messersmith had to go over all appointments with President Roosevelt and learned in the process learned that Roosevelt had excellent intelligence on several foreign service officers with problems, including alcohol or affairs.[20] While Messersmith served as United States Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Cuba, he wrote a report on March 4, 1941 about the Windsors' friend, James D. Mooney, and was critical of the General Motors executive's opinions against England.[21] He considered that Mooney was "dangerous... for the Duke and Duchess of Windsor to be associated with."[21] However, the Windsors visited Mooney in Detroit in November 1941, the month before the attack on Pearl Harbor.[21] Later, he was appointed Minister to Mexico, where he passed on information about the Windsors' Nazi connections to Assistant Secretary of State Adolph A. Berle.[22] Messersmith "no longer adhered to his moderate view of the duke and duchess."[22] Following the forced resignation of Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles in 1943, Messersmith, then Ambassador to Mexico, was rumored to be on a short list of candidates to succeed him,[23] but Roosevelt instead selected future Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, Jr.. LegacyMessersmith's collection of papers has been digitized[24] and made available to researchers by the University of Delaware. The digitization project was made possible through a grant[25] from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC). References1. ^{{cite book|last=Plischke|first=Elmer|title=U.S. Department of State: A Reference History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idBzGjwjVGIC&pg=PA275|accessdate=March 3, 2014|date=January 1, 1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29126-5|page=275}} {{s-start}}{{s-dip}}{{succession box2. ^1 {{cite book|url= https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104466213#|title= George S. Messersmith, Diplomat of Democracy|author= Stiller, Jesse H.|publisher= University of North Carolina Press|year= 1987|isbn= 978-0-8078-1721-6}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Schaap|first=Jeremy|title=Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSsdGalGcPMC&pg=PA242|accessdate=March 3, 2014|year=2007|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-618-68822-6|pages=71, 242}} 4. ^{{cite book|url= |title=The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life|author= Higham, Charles|publisher= McGraw Hill|year= 1988|isbn=}} 5. ^1 "Foreign Affairs: Career Man's Mission," Time, 1946-12-02. 6. ^"National Affairs: Messersmith to Mexico," Time, 1941-12-08. 7. ^Stephen R. Wenn, "A Tale of Two Diplomats: George S. Messersmith and Charles H. Sherrill on Proposed American Participation in the 1936 Olympics," 16 Journal of Sport History 27, 30 (Spring 1989). 8. ^Peter Edson, " . . . Liberator or Dictator?" (commentary), Sandusky Register Star News, 1947-02-06 at p. 4. 9. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Breitman|first1=Richard|last2=Kraut|first2=Alan M.|title=American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, 1933-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw5dzCOcRWsC&pg=PA44|accessdate=March 3, 2014|year=1987|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-30415-5|page=44}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|last=Jerome|first=Fred|title=The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=weECGK2rChcC&pg=PA11|accessdate=March 3, 2014|date=June 17, 2003|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4299-7588-9|page=11}} 11. ^1 {{cite book|last=Mauro|first=James|title=Twilight at the World of Tomorrow: Genius, Madness, Murder, and the 1939 World's Fair on the Brink of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5Knb_2dkLsC&pg=PA35|accessdate=March 3, 2014|date=June 22, 2010|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-345-52178-1|page=35}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=McDonald|first=James Grover|title=Advocate for the Doomed: The diaries and papers of James G. McDonald, 1932-1935|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6okAwe2A64C&pg=PA35|accessdate=March 3, 2014|year=2007|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34862-5|page=35}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=George S. Messersmith Papers|url=http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/handle/19716/6176|accessdate=4 December 2012}} 14. ^"The Presidency: $20,000,000 Fine," Time, 1934-02-19. 15. ^"The Presidency: Great Day," Time, 1934-04-02. 16. ^{{cite book|url= |title=The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life|author= Higham, Charles|publisher= McGraw Hill|year= 1988|isbn=|pages=112–113}} 17. ^1 {{cite book|url= |title=The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life|author= Higham, Charles|publisher= McGraw Hill|year= 1988|isbn=|pages=192, 194}} 18. ^1 {{cite book|url= |title=The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life|author= Higham, Charles|publisher= McGraw Hill|year= 1988|isbn=|pages=197–198}} 19. ^1 2 {{cite book|url= |title=The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life|author= Higham, Charles|publisher= McGraw Hill|year= 1988|isbn=|pages=221–222, 225}} 20. ^{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Ted|title=FDR: A Biography|year=1985|pages=547–548|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=}} 21. ^1 2 {{cite book|url= |title=The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life|author= Higham, Charles|publisher= McGraw Hill|year= 1988|isbn=|pages=311–312, 328}} 22. ^1 {{cite book|url= |title=The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life|author= Higham, Charles|publisher= McGraw Hill|year= 1988|isbn=|pages=323–324}} 23. ^"One More Scalp," Time, 1934-09-06. 24. ^{{cite web|title=George S. Messersmith Papers|url=http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/handle/19716/5973|accessdate=29 June 2011}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=NHPRC Delaware Grants|url=https://www.archives.gov/nhprc/projects/states-territories/de.html|accessdate=29 June 2011}} | title = United States Ambassador to Argentina | before = Spruille Braden | after = James Bruce | years = May 23, 1946–June 12, 1947 }}{{succession box | title = United States Ambassador to Mexico | before = Josephus Daniels | after = Walter C. Thurston | years = February 24, 1942–May 15, 1946 }}{{succession box | title = United States Ambassador to Cuba | before = J. Butler Wright | after = Spruille Braden | years = March 8, 1940-February 8, 1942 }}{{succession box | title = United States Minister to Austria | before = George Howard Earle III | after = Grenville T. Emmet | years = April 7, 1934–July 11, 1937 }}{{end}}{{US Ambassadors to Argentina}}{{US Ambassadors to Mexico}}{{US Ambassadors to Austria}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Messersmith, George S.}} 7 : 1883 births|1960 deaths|United States Assistant Secretaries of State|Ambassadors of the United States to Austria|Ambassadors of the United States to Argentina|Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba|Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。