| 词条 | George William Manby |
| 释义 |
|name = George William Manby |image = George William Manby 1818.jpg |caption = George William Manby, portrait by John Philip Davis |birth_date = {{birth date|1765|11|28|df=y}} |birth_place = Denver, Norfolk, England |death_date = {{death date and age|1854|11|18|1765|11|28|df=y}} |death_place = Great Yarmouth, Norfolk |other_names = |known_for = Inventor of Manby Mortar and fire extinguisher |occupation = |nationality = English}} Captain George William Manby FRS (28 November 1765 – 18 November 1854) was an English author and inventor. He designed an apparatus for saving life from shipwrecks and also the first modern form of fire extinguisher. LifeManby went to school at Downham Market. Although he claimed to have been a friend there of Horatio Nelson, this is unlikely to be true as Nelson would have left the school (if he ever attended) before Manby started. He volunteered to fight in the American War of Independence, aged 17, but was rejected because of his youth and his small size.[1] Instead, he entered the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich, and then joined the Cambridgeshire Militia where he gained the rank of captain. He married in 1793 and inherited his wife's family's estates, but left her in 1801 after being shot by her lover[2] and moved to Clifton, Bristol. There, he published several books, including The History and Antiquities of St David's (1801), Sketches of the History and Natural Beauties of Clifton (1802), and A Guide from Clifton to the Counties of Monmouth, Glamorgan, etc. (1802). In 1803, his pamphlet An Englishman's Reflexions on the Author of the Present Disturbances, on Napoleon's plans to invade England, came to the attention of the Secretary of War, Charles Yorke, who was impressed and recommended Manby to be appointed as Barrack-Master at Great Yarmouth.[3] On 18 February 1807, as a helpless onlooker, he witnessed a Naval ship, HMS Snipe run aground 60 yards off Great Yarmouth during a storm, with (according to some accounts) a total of 214 people drowned, including French prisoners of war, women and children. Following this tragedy, Manby experimented with mortars, and so invented the Manby Mortar, later developed into the breeches buoy, that fired a thin rope from shore into the rigging of a ship in distress. A strong rope, attached to the thin one, could be pulled aboard the ship. His successful invention followed an experiment as a youth in 1783, when he shot a mortar carrying a line over Downham church. His invention was officially adopted in 1814, and a series of mortar stations were established around the coast.[4] It was estimated that by the time of his death nearly 1000 persons had been rescued from stranded ships by means of his apparatus.[5] An earlier, similar design to Manby's invention was made in the late 18th century by the French agronomist and inventor Jacques Joseph Ducarne de Blangy.[6][7] Manby's invention was independently arrived at, and there is no suggestion that he copied de Blangy's idea. Manby also built an "unsinkable" ship. The first test indeed proved it to be floating when mostly filled with water; however, the seamen (who disliked Manby) rocked the boat back and forth, so that it eventually turned over. The boatmen depended on the cargo left over from shipwrecks, and may have thought Manby's mortar a threat to their livelihood.[3] In 1813 Manby invented the "Extincteur", the first portable pressurised fire extinguisher. This consisted of a copper vessel of 3 gallons of pearl ash (potassium carbonate) solution contained within compressed air. He also invented a device intended to save people who had fallen through ice.[3] In 1821 he sailed to Greenland with William Scoresby, for the purpose of testing a new type of harpoon for whaling, based on the same principles as his mortar. However, his device was sabotaged by the whalers.[2] He published his account as Journal of a Voyage to Greenland, containing observations on the flora and fauna of the Arctic regions as well as the practice of whale hunting.[8] In 1828 the King of Denmark (via his consul) presented Manby with a gold medal "accompanied with a letter, communicating His Majesty's gracious approbation of his philanthopic and arduous exertions in saving the crews of shipwrecked vessels."[9] He was the first to advocate a national fire brigade, and is considered by some to be a true founder of the RNLI.[10] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1831 in recognition of his many accomplishments. In later life Manby became obsessed with Nelson, turning his house into a Nelson museum filled with memorabilia and living in the basement. Manby also became one of the godfathers of Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes (1828–1897), the youngest son of the Collector of Customs for Great Yarmouth from 1827 to 1833, Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes (1787–1873).[11] See also
Further reading
References1. ^Norfolk History and Past Times – Yesterdays – George William Manby of Norfolk and his Manby Mortar 2. ^1 Norwich Evening News article 3. ^1 2 G. W. Manby at Norfolk Museums {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921002527/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/polar/manby.htm |date=21 September 2008 }} 4. ^{{cite journal|date=January 1855|pages=208|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EO-R3EsTRYYC&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&dq=%22george+william+manby%22| title=Obituary in the Gentleman's Magazine|journal=The Gentleman's Magazine|authour=|publisher=F. Jefferies}} 5. ^{{NIE|wstitle=Manby, George William|year=1905|inline=1}} 6. ^{{citation |url=http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/chan/chan/pdf/sm/PV10.pdf |title=Inventaire des registres des délibérations et des minutes des arrêtés, lettres et actes du directoire |volume=10 |date=29 July – 8 November 1799}} 7. ^{{citation |title=Année scientifique et industrielle de M. Louis Figuier, 1st year |page=302 |date=1857}} 8. ^{{cite wikisource | title=Journal of a Voyage to Greenland |first1=George William |last1=Manby |year=1823 |publisher=G. and W. B. Whittaker}} 9. ^{{London Gazette |issue=17969 |page=1794 |date=25 October 1823}} 10. ^{{cite book |isbn=9780713802870 |last1=Walthew |first1=Kenneth |title=From Rock And Tempest: The Life Of Captain George William Manby |date=1971 }} 11. ^{{cite journal |work=The Ancestral Searcher |title=Augustus Gibbes: Squire of Yarralumla |volume=19 |number=2 |location=Canberra |date=June 1996 |page=74}} External links{{wikisource author}}{{Commons category}}
7 : 1765 births|1854 deaths|People from Downham Market|English inventors|Sea rescue in the United Kingdom|Fellows of the Royal Society|People from Denver, Norfolk |
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