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George Washington Maher (December 25, 1864 – September 12, 1926) was an American architect during the first-quarter of the 20th century. He is considered part of the Prairie School-style and was known for blending traditional architecture with the Arts & Crafts-style.

According to architectural historian H. Allen Brooks, "His influence on the Midwest was profound and prolonged and, in its time, was certainly as great as was [Frank Lloyd] Wright's. Compared with the conventional architecture of the day, his work showed considerable freedom and originality, and his interiors were notable for their open and flowing...space".^[1]

Biography

George Maher was born in Mill Creek, West Virginia, but, as a small boy, moved with his parents, Pennsylvania-born Sarah Landis and French-born chemist Theophile Maher, to New Albany, Indiana, where he attended public elementary school. While in his early teens the family moved to Chicago.

At the age of 13 he was apprenticed at the Chicago architectural firm of Augustus Bauer and Henry Hill. In 1887 he joined the office of architect Joseph L. Silsbee, in Chicago's Lakeside Building, as a draftsman where he worked with Frank Lloyd Wright and George Grant Elmslie. While working for Silsbee, Maher had first-hand experience in designing

residences in the Shingle Style, Richardsonian Romanesque, and Colonial Revival. He was inspired by the work of Henry Hobson Richardson. In 1888 Maher formed a partnership with Charles Corwin which lasted for only a brief time before he began his own practice.^[2] Maher married Elizabeth Brooks in 1893 and moved to Kenilworth, Illinois.

Career

He designed his own home in Kenilworth, built there in 1893. It was one of about 40 homes he designed in the area. Along with the homes he also designed the entrance to the village as well as a number of other public embellishments.^[3] In addition to Kenilworth, one of the largest concentrations of his work is along Hutchinson Street, on Chicago's North Side lakefront.

From the start of his career, Maher wrote about his views on architecture and was active in organizations interested in exploring new ideas in architecture and design. In 1887 Inland Architect published a paper he had written titled "Originality in American Architecture," one of the first of many he would write.^[4] In 1895 an interest in the English Arts and Crafts Movement led him to become one of the founding members of The Chicago Arts and Crafts Society. During his career, he was involved as a leading figure in the meetings and exhibitions of the Chicago Architectural Club, a group that was at the center of activity of the Prairie movement in Chicago.^[5]

Early work

Maher's early work during the 1890s reflected the influence of Silsbee and H.H. Richardson as well as Louis Sullivan and others of the Chicago School.^[6]

In 1893 Maher met J.L. Cochran who was developing the community of Edgewater which would ultimately become part of Chicago. During the next several years Maher designed a series of houses for Cochran which helped establish Maher's career and reputation.^[7]

Commissioned in 1897, one of Maher's most important designs is the John Farson House in Oak Park, Illinois, also known as Pleasant Home. In this house, Maher synthesized his own version of what would ultimately come to be called the Prairie School style of architecture.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} One of the earliest Prairie style buildings, its design concept proved to be extremely influential in its time and was widely copied throughout the Midwest.

Residential and university work

Over the years Maher designed numerous houses for clients ranging from middle class businessmen to wealthy society figures. The success of the Farson house led to a number of large commissions. Among his clients was James A. Patten for whom he built a large mansion in 1901. Patten was also responsible for getting Maher the commission to design the original Patten Gymnasium at Northwestern University where Maher also designed the Swift Hall of Engineering. Also in 1901, Maher was hired to remodel the Nickerson House which currently houses the Driehaus Museum. These were followed by the design of a large estate for Harry Rubens that was built in Glencoe, Illinois in 1903. Jens Jensen designed the landscaping for the Rubens estate. Other projects include the P.J. King House from 1901, the Rath House in 1907, and the Colvin House in 1909, all of which have been designated Chicago Landmarks by the city.

By the time of the Farson House commission, Maher was one of the first of the Prairie Style architects to have developed a personal style.^[8] By 1897, with almost a full decade behind him, his career was well established. With Wright's Prairie houses still several years in the future, Maher's version of the Prairie style came at a time when Louis Sullivan's work was still the dominant influence for the developing group of architects.^[9] While many of the others worked directly for Wright or Sullivan, Maher never did which may be part of the reason his design work would follow a more independent path throughout his career.^[10]

Around 1904 Maher's designs started to show more of his interest in ideas derived from contemporary European design, especially the English Arts and Crafts movement and the Vienna Secession. Assimilating these influences into concepts of his own, he created designs that set his work apart at a time when Wright's work was becoming increasingly influential among his contemporaries.^[11] Among these projects was the Corbin House in 1904 followed by houses such as the Erwin House (1905), the Lackner House (1905) and the Schultz House (1907).

Motif-Rhythm theory

As part of his design philosophy Maher developed what he called Motif-Rhythm theory in an attempt to produce a design unity throughout the building and its interior. This involved using a decorative element, often a local flower, a geometric shape, or a combination of the two which would be repeated throughout the design. Maher wrote that "there must be evolved certain leading forms that will influence the detail of the design; these forms crystallize during the progress of the planning and become the motifs that bind the design together."^[12] At Rockledge, the {{convert|12000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} summer house he designed in 1911 for Ernest and Grace King in Homer, Minnesota, Maher was also commissioned to design the interior furnishings for the house allowing him to use the Motif-Rhythm theory to the fullest extent possible. Ultimately the house fell into disuse but before the house was demolished the furniture, clocks, lamps, rugs, even the tableware that Maher had designed were sold with many pieces ending up in various museum collections as examples of Arts and Crafts design.^[13]

Commercial and institutional buildings

While Maher is known for his residential work, he also designed commercial and institutional buildings. His client James Patten was responsible for getting Maher the commission to design the most well known of these, the original Patten Gymnasium (1908–09) at Northwestern University where Maher also designed the Swift Hall of Engineering (1908). Other notable projects were several buildings for the J. R. Watkins Medical Company (1911) including their administrative headquarters in Winona, Minnesota. These were followed by the Winona Saving Bank which was designed and built in 1914-16.

The momentum of the Prairie School movement began to rapidly decline in the mid teens as clients' tastes and interests changed, forcing many of its followers to turn in other directions. For some, including Maher, it meant increasing pressure to design in the eclectic styles then in vogue.^[14]

Organizations

Throughout his career Maher was involved in organizations seeking to improve the architecture profession. In addition to the Chicago Architectural Club, he was active in the state chapter of the American Institute of Architects serving as state chapter president in 1918.^[15] Just as Maher had worked for Silsbee whose office had produced a number of architects that went on to have distinguished careers, Maher's office also produced several notable architects including his son Phillip Brooks Maher and Robert Seyfarth.

After his World War I, his son joined the office as a partner and the firm became known as "George W. Maher & Son". In the early 1920s Maher designed multiple buildings and landscapes throughout the Chicago area and in Gary, Indiana where the firm produced a number of projects. His final work was commissioned by the Gary Heat, Light, and Water Company of Gary, Indiana. They requested him to design a new warehouse. This design embodied the last set of drawings to hold his name and architectural registration.^[16]

Death

By the time of his death he had designed over 270 projects; from houses to parks to public buildings. He committed suicide on September 12, 1926, after several years of declining health, including hospitalization for depression in 1924-25. He was 61 when he committed suicide.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Work

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book |title= The Prairie School - Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries |last= Brooks |first= H. Allen |authorlink= H. Allen Brooks |coauthors= |year= 1972|publisher= W.W. Norton and Company|location= New York|isbn= 0-393-31439-1|page=330 |pages=|url= |accessdate=}}
2. ^Overby, Supervisory Architect, Osmund; The National Park Service (August, 1963), Ernest J. Magerstadt House - Historic American Buildings Survey No. ILL1024
3. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.pleasanthome.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=12 | title=PLEASANT HOME George Washington Maher}}
4. ^Cohen, Stuart; Susan Benjamin (2004). North Shore Chicago: Houses of the Lakefront Suburbs, 1890–1940. Acanthus Press, page 314
5. ^Condit, Carl W. (1964). The Chicago School Of Architecture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; pages 195-200
6. ^Brooks, H. Allen (1972). The Prairie School - Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. p. 34 & 37
7. ^Cohen, Stuart; Susan Benjamin (2004). North Shore Chicago: Houses of the Lakefront Suburbs, 1890–1940. Acanthus Press, page 314
8. ^Brooks; page 33
9. ^Brooks; page 346
10. ^Sprague, Paul E.; (fourth edition 1986) Guide to Frank Lloyd Wright and Prairie School Architecture in Oak Park, Illinois
11. ^Brooks, pages 105 & 347
12. ^Kaplan, Wendy (2004); The Arts & Crafts Movement in Europe & America. New York; Thames & Hudson Inc. Pages 259 & 261
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://minneapolis.institute.arts.museum/unified-vision/architectural-tour/king-1.cfm |title=Minneapolis Institute of the Arts; "Unified Vision" |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722222818/http://minneapolis.institute.arts.museum/unified-vision/architectural-tour/king-1.cfm |archivedate=2011-07-22 |df= }}
14. ^Brooks; pages 333 & 342
15. ^Rudd, J. William (1964); "George W. Maher - Architect of the Prairie School". The Prairie School Review, Vol 1, No.1; pages 5-11
16. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.chameyer.net/maher.html | title=GARY; America's Magic Industrial City}}
17. ^Powell, John Edward (1996). "George Washington Maher (1864-1926)". A Guide to Historic Architecture in Fresno, California.
18. ^Drennan, William R. (August 21, 2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=kuXfkiuW4W0C&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=George+Maher,+suicide&source=bl&ots=p31S8Admfc&sig=cc4l0NfyVw3xJVxm8mBskLe_fZ0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YN1gVbboCajHsQTmsICoDw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=GeorgeMaher%2Csuicide&f=false Death in a Prairie House: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Murders]. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 166. Archived at Google Books. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
19. ^"GEORGE W. MAHER". georgemaher.com. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
20. ^{{cite journal |last=|first= |title= Building Department|journal=The Economist|volume= | issue = |date= July 24, 1897|pages=106–107}}
21. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.blueisland.org/landmarks/27-weber/| title=William Weber House | publisher=The Blue Island Historic Preservation Commission - The City of Blue Island| accessdate=2014-06-27}}