1. Structure

2. Reactions

3. Uses

4. Toxicity and medical

5. References

Germanium dioxide, also called germanium oxide, germania, and salt of germanium,^[1] is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula GeO₂. It is the main commercial source of germanium. It also forms as a passivation layer on pure germanium in contact with atmospheric oxygen.

Structure

The two predominant polymorphs of GeO₂ are hexagonal and tetragonal. Hexagonal GeO₂ has the same structure as β-quartz, with germanium having coordination number 4. Tetragonal GeO₂ (the mineral argutite) has the rutile-like structure seen in stishovite. In this motif, germanium has the coordination number 6. An amorphous (glassy) form of GeO₂ is similar to fused silica.^[2]

Germanium dioxide can be prepared in both crystalline and amorphous forms. At ambient pressure the amorphous structure is formed by a network of GeO₄ tetrahedra. At elevated pressure up to approximately 9 GPa the germanium average coordination number steadily increases from 4 to around 5 with a corresponding increase in the Ge-O bond distance.^[3] At higher pressures, up to approximately 15 GPa, the germanium coordination number increases to 6 and the dense network structure is composed of GeO₆ octahedra.^[4] When the pressure is subsequently reduced, the structure reverts to the tetrahedral form.^[3][4] At high pressure, the rutile form converts to an orthorhombic CaCl₂ form.^[5]

Reactions

Heating germanium dioxide with powdered germanium at 1000 °C forms germanium monoxide (GeO).^[2]

The hexagonal (d = 4.29 g/cm3) form of germanium dioxide is more soluble than the rutile (d = 6.27 g/cm3) form and dissolves to form {{not a typo|germanic}} acid, H₄GeO₄ or Ge(OH)₄.^[6] GeO₂ is only slightly soluble in acid but dissolves more readily in alkali to give germanates.^[6]

In contact with hydrochloric acid, it releases the volatile and corrosive germanium tetrachloride.

Uses

The refractive index (1.7) and optical dispersion properties of germanium dioxide makes it useful as an optical material for wide-angle lenses, in optical microscope objective lenses, and for the core of fiber-optic lines. See Optical fiber for specifics on the manufacturing process. Both Germanium and its glass oxide, GeO₂ are transparent to the infrared spectrum. The glass can be manufactured into IR windows and lenses, used for night-vision technology in the military, luxury vehicles,^[7] and Thermographic cameras. GeO₂ is preferred over other IR transparent glasses because it is mechanically strong and therefore preferred for rugged military usage.^[8]

A mixture of silicon dioxide and germanium dioxide ("silica-germania") is used as an optical material for optical fibers and optical waveguides.^[9] Controlling the ratio of the elements allows precise control of refractive index. Silica-germania glasses have lower viscosity and higher refractive index than pure silica. Germania replaced titania as the silica dopant for silica fiber, eliminating the need for subsequent heat treatment, which made the fibers brittle.^[10]

Germanium dioxide is also used as a catalyst in production of polyethylene terephthalate resin,^[11] and for production of other germanium compounds. It is used as a feedstock for production of some phosphors and semiconductor materials.

Germanium dioxide is used in algaculture as an inhibitor of unwanted diatom growth in algal cultures, since contamination with the comparatively fast-growing diatoms often inhibits the growth of or outcompetes the original algae strains. GeO₂ is readily taken up by diatoms and leads to silicon being substituted by germanium in biochemical processes within the diatoms, causing a significant reduction of the diatoms' growth rate or even their complete elimination, with little effect on non-diatom algal species. For this application, the concentration of germanium dioxide typically used in the culture medium is between 1 and 10 mg/l, depending on the stage of the contamination and the species.^[12]

Toxicity and medical

Germanium dioxide has low toxicity, but in higher doses it is nephrotoxic.

Germanium dioxide is used as a germanium supplement in some questionable dietary supplements and "miracle cures".^[13] High doses of these resulted in several cases of germanium poisonings.

References

• Nguyen Khang
• Nguyen Khang (painter)
• Nguyen Khang (politician)
• Nguyen Khanh
• Nguyen Khoa Diem
• Nguyen Khoa Nam
• Nguyen Khoa Toan
• Nguyen Khoa Toc Tien
• Nguyen Khuyen
• Nguyen Kim
• Nguyenkim Shopping Center
• Nguyen Lac Hoa
• Nguyen Le
• Nguyen lords
• Nguyen Lu
• Nguyen Manh Tuong (sport shooter)
• Nguyen Minh Chau
• Nguyen Minh Chuyen
• Nguyen Minh Thuyet
• Nguyen Minh Triet
• Nguyen Ngoc Anh
• Nguyen Ngoc Bich Ngan
• Nguyen Ngoc Binh
• Nguyen Ngoc Do
• Nguyen Ngoc Kieu Khanh