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词条 German-occupied Europe
释义

  1. Background

  2. Occupied countries

     Governments in exile  Allied governments in exile  Axis governments in exile  Neutral governments in exile 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. Bibliography

  6. External links

German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were occupied and civil occupied including puppet government by the military forces and the government of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945 and administered by the Nazi regime.[1] The farthest east in Europe the German Wehrmacht managed to occupy was the town of Mozdok in the Soviet Union; the farthest north was the settlement of Barentsburg in the Kingdom of Norway; the farthest south in Europe was the island of Gavdos in the Kingdom of Greece; and the farthest west in Europe was the island of Ushant in the French Republic.

Background

Several German occupied countries entered World War II as Allies of the United Kingdom[2] or the Soviet Union.[3] Some were forced to surrender before outbreak of the war such as Czechoslovakia;[4] others like Poland (invaded on 1 September 1939)[1] were conquered in battle and then occupied. In some cases, the legitimate governments went into exile, in other cases the governments-in-exile were formed by their citizens in other Allied countries.[5] Some countries occupied by Nazi Germany were officially neutral. Others were former members of the Axis powers that were occupied by German forces at a later stage of the war.[6][7]

Occupied countries

The countries occupied included all, or most of the following:

Country or territory of occupation Puppet state(s) or military administration(s) Timeline of occupation(s) German annexed or occupied territory Resistance movement(s)
Albania|1939}} Albanian KingdomFlag of Albania (1943-1944).svg}} Albanian Kingdom 8 September 1943  – 29 November 1944 None Albanian resistance
Guernsey|1940}} Guernsey Alderney & SarkNazi Germany}} Military Administration in France 30 June 1940  – 9 May 1945 None Guernseyian resistance
Jersey|1940}} JerseyNazi Germany}} Military Administration in France 1 July 1940  – 9 May 1945 None Jerseyian resistance
Czechoslovakia|1938}} Czechoslovak Republic
{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1939}} Czecho-Slovak Republic
{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1945}} Czechoslovak Republic		Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} Slovak Republic
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} German Zone of Protection in Slovakia		 1 October 1938  – 11 May 1945Nazi Germany}} Gau Bayreuth
{{flagicon image|Flag of Bohmen und Mahren.svg}} Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Reichsgau Niederdonau
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Oberdonau
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Sudetenland		 Czechoslovakian resistance
Austria}} Federal State of AustriaNone, see Anschluss 12 March 1938  – 9 May 1945Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Kärnten
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Niederdonau
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Oberdonau
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Salzburg
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Steiermark
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Wien		Austrian resistance
Danzig}} Free City of DanzigNone 1 September 1939  – 9 May 1945Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia Danzigian resistance
France}} French Republic
{{flagicon image|Flag of Free France (1940-1944).svg}} Free France
{{flagicon|France}} Provisional Government of the French Republic		Vichy France}} French State
{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Military Administration in France
{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Realm Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France		 10 May 1940  – 9 May 1945Nazi Germany}} Gau Baden
{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Gau Westmark
{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Wallonien		 French resistance
Luxembourg}} LuxembourgNazi Germany}} Military Administration of Luxembourg
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg		 10 May 1940  – February 1945Nazi Germany}} Gau Moselland Luxembourg resistance
Kingdom of Italy|1943}} Italian Islands of the AegeanItalian Social Republic}} Italian Islands of the Aegean 8 September 1943  – 8 May 1945None
Belgium|1940}} BelgiumNazi Germany}} Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Realm Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France		 10 May 1940  – February 1945Nazi Germany}} Gau Cologne-Aachen
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Wallonien		 Belgian resistance
Denmark|1940}} Denmark protectorate state 9 April 1940  – 5 May 1945None Danish resistance
Kingdom of Greece|1941}} Kingdom of GreeceNazi Germany}} Military Administration in Greece
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} Hellenic State
 6 April 1941  – 8 May 1945None Greek resistance
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Kingdom of HungaryFlag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Government of National Unity
 19 March 1944  – May 1945None Hungarian resistance
Kingdom of Italy|1943}} Kingdom of ItalyItalian Social Republic}} Italian Social Republic
  • {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral
  • {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills
 8 September 1943  – 2 May 1945 None Italian resistance
Norway}} NorwayNazi Germany}} Realm Commissariat for the Occupied Norwegian Territories
  • {{flagicon|Norway}} National Government
 9 April 1940  – 8 May 1945NoneNorwegian resistance
Netherlands}} NetherlandsNazi Germany}} Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories 10 May 1940  – 20 May 1945None Dutch resistance
Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} Kingdom of YugoslaviaFlag of Albania (1943-1944).svg}} Albanian Kingdom
{{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905-1918 & 1941-1944).svg}} German occupied territory of Montenegro
{{flagicon|Independent State of Croatia}} Independent State of Croatia
  • {{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} German zone of influence

{{flagicon image|Flag IMARO.svg}} Independent State of Macedonia
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941)}} Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Commissioner Government
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Government of National Salvation
 6 April 1941  – 15 May 1945Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Kärnten
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reichsgau Steiermark		 Yugoslav resistance
Monaco}} Monaco None 8 September 1943  – 3 September 1944None
Finland|1944}} Finland None 15 September 1944  – 25 April 1945 None Finnish resistance
Lithuania|1939}} Republic of Lithuania
Provisional Government of Lithuania		Nazi Germany|1941}} Reich Commissariat East 22 March 1939  – 21 July 1940

23 June 1941  – 5 August 1941

Nazi Germany}} Gau East Prussia Lithuanian resistance
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg}} Republic of PolandNazi Germany}} Military Administration in Poland
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} General Government administration
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reich Commissariat East
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reich Commissariat Ukraine		 1 September 1939  – 9 May 1945Nazi Germany|1941}} Bezirk Bialystok
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Gau East Prussia
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Gau Niederschlesien
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} General Government
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Reichsgau Wartheland		Polish resistance
San Marino}} San Marino None 17 September 1944  – 20 September 1944None
Nazi Germany|1941}} Territory of the Military Commander in SerbiaFlag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Commissioner Government
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Government of National Salvation		 April 30, 1941  – January 1945NoneSerbian resistance
Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} Slovak RepublicNazi Germany}} German Zone of Protection in Slovakia 23 March 1939  – May 1945 None Slovakian resistance
Territory of the Saar BasinNone 1 March 1935  – April 1945Nazi Germany}} Gau Palatinate-Saar
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Gau Saar-Palatinate
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Gau Westmark		 Saar Basinian resistance
Ukraine|1941}} Ukrainian National GovernmentNazi Germany}} Reich Commissariat Ukraine 30 June 1941  – September 1941Nazi Germany}} General Government Ukrainian resistance
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg}} Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsNazi Germany}} Military Administration in the Soviet Union
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reich Commissariat East
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Reich Commissariat Ukraine		 22 June 1941  – 10 May 1945Nazi Germany}} Bezirk Bialystok
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} General Government		 Soviet resistance

Governments in exile

Allied governments in exile

Government in exileCapital in exileTimeline of exileOccupier(s)
Austria|1941}} Austrian Democratic UnionUK|1940}} London 1941 – 1945Nazi Germany|1939}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
Free France}} Free FranceUK|1940}} London
(1940 – 1941)
{{flagicon image|Flag of Free France (1940-1944).svg}} Algiers, Algeria
(1942 – August 31, 1944)		 1940 – August 31, 1944France|1940}} French State
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Reich Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France
Poland|1928}} Government of the Republic of Poland in exileFrance|1939}} Paris
(September 29/30, 1939 – 1940)
{{flagicon|France|1940}} Angers, French Republic
(1940 – June 12, 1940)
{{flagicon|UK|1940}} London
(June 12, 1940 – 1990)		 September 29/30, 1939 – December 22, 1990Nazi Germany|1939}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Reich Commissariat East
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Reich Commissariat Ukraine
{{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} Slovak Republic
{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
{{flagicon|Poland}} People's Republic of Poland
Belgium|1940}} BelgiumUK|1940}} London
(October 22, 1940 – September 8, 1944)		 October 22, 1940 – September 8, 1944Nazi Germany|1940}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Reich Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France
Denmark|1943}} Denmark 1943 – 1945Nazi Germany|1940}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
Luxembourg|1940}} LuxembourgUK|1940}} London 1940 – 1944Nazi Germany|1940}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
Greece|royal}} Kingdom of GreeceEgypt|1922}} Cairo, Egypt April 29, 1941 – October 12, 1944Nazi Germany|1940}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|1943}} Kingdom of Italy
{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1941}} Kingdom of Bulgaria
Norway|1940}} NorwayUK|1940}} London June 7, 1940 – May 31, 1945Nazi Germany|1940}} Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Norwegian Territories
Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} Kingdom of YugoslaviaUK|1941}} London June 7, 1941 – March 7, 1945 Albanian Kingdom
Commissioner Government
{{flagcon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905-1918 & 1941-1944).svg}} German occupied territory of Montenegro
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Government of National Salvation
Independent State of Croatia
Independent Macedonia
{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1941}} Kingdom of Bulgaria
{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941)}} Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia
Netherlands|1940}} NetherlandsUK|1940}} London 1940 – 1945Nazi Germany|1940)}} Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories
Czechoslovakia|1938}} Provisional Government of CzechoslovakiaFrance|1939}} Paris
(October 2, 1939 – 1940)
{{flagicon|UK|1940}} London
(1940 – 1941)
{{flagicon|UK|1941}} Aston Abbotts, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
(1941 – 1945)		 October 2, 1939 – April 2, 1945Nazi Germany|1939)}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary
{{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} Slovak Republic

Axis governments in exile

Government in exileCapital in exileTimeline of exileOccupier(s)
Flag of Bulgaria.svg}} Kingdom of BulgariaNazi Germany|1944}} Vienna, Greater German Reich September 16, 1944 – May 10, 1945Flag of Bulgaria.svg}} Kingdom of Bulgaria{{flagicon image|State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg}} Kingdom of Greece
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} Kingdom of Yugoslavia
France|1940}} French StateNazi Germany|1944}} Sigmaringen, Greater German Reich 1944 – April 22, 1945France|1944}} Provisional Government of the French Republic
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} Kingdom of HungaryNazi Germany|1944}} Vienna, Greater German Reich
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} Munich, Greater German Reich		 March 28, 1945 – May 7, 1945Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} Czechoslovak Republic
{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary
{{flagicon|Romania}} Kingdom of Romania
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Romania}} Kingdom of RomaniaNazi Germany|1944}} Vienna, Greater German Reich 1944 – 1945Romania}} Kingdom of Romania
Montenegrin State CouncilIndependent State of Croatia}} Zagreb, Independent State of Croatia 1944 – May 8, 1945Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} Slovak RepublicNazi Germany|1944}} Kremsmünster, Great-German Reich April 4, 1945 – 8 May 1945Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} Czechoslovak Republic

Neutral governments in exile

Government in exileCapital in exileTimeline of exileOccupier(s)
Belarus|1991}} Belarusian Democratic RepublicCzechoslovakia|1919}} Prague, Czechoslovak Republic
(1923 – 1938)
{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1938}} Prague, Czecho-Slovak Republic
(1938 – 1939)
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Prague, German Reich/Greater German Reich
(1939 – 1945)		 1919 – presentNazi Germany|1941}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Realm Commissariat East
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Realm Commissariat Ukraine
{{flagicon|Poland|1918}} Republic of Poland
{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Estonia|1940}} Republic of EstoniaSweden|1944}} Stockholm, Kingdom of Sweden
(1944 – August 20, 1991)
{{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States of America		 June 17, 1940 – August 20, 1991Nazi Germany|1941}} Realm Commissariat East
{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1940}} Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Flag of Ukraine.svg}} Ukrainian People's RepublicPoland|1920}} Warsaw, Republic of Poland
(1920 – 1939)
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} Prague, German Reich/Greater German Reich
(1939 – 1944)		 1920 – August 22, 1992Nazi Germany|1939}} German Reich/Greater German Reich
{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Kingdom of Hungary
{{flagicon|Romania|1941}} Kingdom of Romania
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} Realm Commissariat Ukraine
{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

See also

  • Drang nach Osten ("The Drive Eastward")
  • Lebensraum ("Living Space")
  • Neuordnung ("New Order")
  • Areas annexed by Nazi Germany
  • Pan-Germanism

References

1. ^1 Encyclopædia Britannica, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130330193920/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648813/World-War-II/53572/German-occupied-Europe German occupied Europe.] World War II. Retrieved 1 September 2015 from the Internet Archive.
2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Z4J2c4jEhjYC&dq=allies+in+1939#v=onepage&q=allies%20in%201939&f=false|title=Britain and Poland 1939-1943: The Betrayed Ally|last=Prazmowska|first=Anita|date=1995-03-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521483858|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Nz_RAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=soviet+german+alliance+ww2#v=onepage&q=soviet%20german%20alliance%20ww2&f=false|title=The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941|last=Moorhouse|first=Roger|date=2014-10-14|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465054923|language=en}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=C0UsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=czechoslovakia+1938#v=onepage&q=czechoslovakia%201938&f=false|title=The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II|last=Goldstein|first=Erik|last2=Lukes|first2=Igor|date=2012-10-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136328329|language=en}}
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2xTdCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Governments+in+exile+second+world+war#v=onepage&q=Governments%20in%20exile%20second%20world%20war&f=false|title=Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940-45|last=Conway|first=Martin|last2=Gotovitch|first2=José|date=2001-08-30|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781782389910|language=en}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=042YDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Axis+countries+occupied+by+Nazi+Germany#v=onepage&q=Axis%20countries%20occupied%20by%20Nazi%20Germany&f=false|title=The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465093199|language=en}}
7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CInVseCvW-wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hungary+during+the+war+world+2#v=onepage&q=hungary%20during%20the%20war%20world%202&f=false|title=Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron|last=Cornelius|first=Deborah S.|date=2011|publisher=Fordham Univ Press|isbn=9780823233434|language=en}}

Bibliography

  • Bank, Jan. Churches and Religion in the Second World War (Occupation in Europe) (2016)
  • Gildea, Robert and Olivier Wieviorka. Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe (2007).
  • Klemann, Hein A.M. and Sergei Kudryashov, eds. Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-Occupied Europe, 1939-1945 (2011).
  • Lagrou, Pieter. The Legacy of Nazi Occupation: Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe, 1945-1965 (1999)
  • {{cite book|last=Mazower|first=Mark|authorlink=Mark Mazower|title=Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|year=2008|isbn=9780713996814}}
  • Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (2010), on Eastern Europe
  • Toynbee, Arnold, ed. Survey of International Affairs, 1939–1946: Hitler's Europe (Oxford University Press. 1954) 730pp. [https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/60/2/365/109404?redirectedFrom=fulltext online review]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84095 full text online free]
    • Carlyle Margaret, ed. Documents on International Affairs, 1939–1946. Volume II, Hitler's Europe (Oxford University Press. 1954) 362pp.)

External links

  • Map of Europe in 1942
  • http://www.worldwar2history.info/war/Allies.html
  • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/germany_advances_through_europe
  • http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupationʘ{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{WWII history by nation}}{{Nazi Germany occupations}}{{World War II}}

3 : World War II occupied territories|German military occupations|Axis powers
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