| 词条 | Germanodactylus |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|150.8|148.5|Late Jurassic}} | image = Germanodactylus spec 01.JPG | image_caption = Fossil specimen of G. cristatus | taxon = Germanodactylus | authority = Yang, 1964 | type_species_authority = (Wiman, 1925) (originally Pterodactylus) | type_species = {{extinct}}Germanodactylus cristatus | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision ={{extinct}}G. cristatus (Wiman, 1925) (originally Pterodactylus) }} Germanodactylus ("German finger") is a genus of dsungaripteroid pterodactyloid pterosaur from Late Jurassic-age rocks of Germany, including the Solnhofen limestone. Its specimens were long thought to pertain to Pterodactylus. Its head crest is a distinctive feature. DescriptionGermanodactylus is described as being "raven-sized" in weight.[1] G. cristatus had a 0.98 wingspan (3.2 ft) and a 13 centimeter long (5.1 in) skull, while G. rhamphastinus was somewhat larger, with a 1.08 meter wingspan (3.5 ft) and a skull 21 centimeters long (8.3 in).[2]Head crestGermanodactylus is known for its head crest, which had a bony portion (a low ridge running up the midline of the skull) and a soft-tissue portion that more than doubled its height. The bony part does not go as far up the head in G. cristatus as in G. rhamphastinus. The soft-tissue portion was not known early on, being first described in 2002 by S. Christopher Bennett. It was probably composed of cornified epidermis. Germanodactylus is the first genus for which a soft-tissue component of the crest is known, but similar structures were probably widespread among pterosaurs.[3] Head crests like these are now known to be far more extensive in Pterosauria. Of pterosaurs known to date, the most basal form with such a crest is Austriadactylus and the most derived are Hamipterus and Tapejara. Darwinopterus and Cuspicephalus also possesses headcrests made of "fibrous" bone, demonstrating that the character is a homology,[4] and not a homoplasy. ClassificationThis genus is unspecialized compared to the pterosaurs of the Cretaceous, and has had varying placements in Pterosauria. Yang Zhongjian, who named the genus, gave it its own family Germanodactylidae.[5] Bennett included the genus in the family Pterodactylidae,[6] and Alexander W.A. Kellner found it to be related to Pterodactylus in his 2003 phylogenetic analysis.[7] David M. Unwin, on the other hand, preferred to consider it a basal dsungaripteroid,[8][9] a group that evolved into dedicated shellfish-eaters.[10] Maisch and co-authors considered the genus Germanodactylus to be paraphyletic,[11] meaning the two species were not congeneric. For "G. rhamphastinus" the genus name "Daitingopterus" was used in a table,[11] but the rules of the ICZN were not observed, making the new name a nomen nudum. However, Maisch and his co-authors did place both Germanodactylus species in Dsungaripteroidea, like Unwin.[8] Vidovic and Martill not only considered the contents of Germanodactylus to be paraphyletic, but they found the two species to be entirely distinct in their cladistic analysis.[12] G. cristatus was considered the sister-taxon to Dsungaripteroidea and Azhdarchoidea, while "G. rhamphastinus" was sister-taxon to the group they called Aurorazhdarchidae.[12] Vidovic and Martill did not initially propose a new name for "G. rhamphastinus", but they suggested that it might represent an adult Diopecephalus if that genus proves to be valid.[12] However, in a subsequent paper published in 2017, Vidovic and Martill created a new genus for "G. rhamphastinus", Altmuehlopterus.[13] HistoryG. cristatus is based on specimen BSP 1892.IV.1, from the Solnhofen limestone of Eichstätt, Germany. It was originally described by Plieninger in 1901 as a specimen of Pterodactylus kochi,[14] and was given its current specific name by Carl Wiman in 1925, meaning "crested" in Latin.[15] Yang Zhongjian determined that it deserved its own genus in 1964.[5] Second species G. ramphastinus (in 1858 accidentally revised to rhamphastinus by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer) was named as a distinct species long before G. cristatus, described by Johann Andreas Wagner in 1851 as a species of the now deprecated genus Ornithocephalus. The specific name refers to the toucan, ramphastinos in Greek. It is based on specimen BSP AS.I.745, a skeleton from the slightly younger Mörnsheimer Limestone of Daiting, Germany.[16] Peter Wellnhofer added it to Germanodactylus in 1970,[17] although Maisch and his coauthors have suggested that it deserves its own genus, "Daitingopterus". David M. Unwin has also referred miscellaneous limb bones and vertebrae from the somewhat older Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset, England to the genus; these finds at the time marked the earliest appearance of short-tailed pterosaurs in the fossil record.[18]Bennett suggested in 1996 that Germanodactylus represented adults of Pterodactylus,[19] but this has been rejected by further studies,[1][7][8][20] including his own.[3][6] Bennett's 2006 reappraisal of Germanodactylus found both species to be valid and included within the genus, with G. cristatus known from four specimens including two juveniles, and G. rhamphastinus from two specimens. The genus differs from other pterosaurs by a combination of characteristics including a sharply pointed jaw tip, 4-5 premaxillary teeth and 8-12 maxillary teeth per side of the upper jaw, robust maxillary teeth that, unlike in Pterodactylus, are not reduced in size farther from the tip of the jaw, a naso-antorbital fenestra twice the length of the eye socket, and various proportional differences. G. cristatus differs from G. rhampastinus by having no teeth in the tip of the jaw and fewer teeth (~13 in each side of the upper jaw and ~12 in the lower versus 16 upper and 15 lower on each side for G. rhamphastinus).[6] See also{{Portal|Paleontology}}
References1. ^1 {{cite book |last=Unwin |first=David M. |authorlink=David M. Unwin |title=The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time |year=2006 |publisher=Pi Press |location=New York |isbn=0-13-146308-X |page=246}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Wellnhofer |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Wellnhofer |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs |origyear=1991 |year=1996 |publisher=Barnes and Noble Books |location=New York |isbn=0-7607-0154-7 |pages=95–96 }} 3. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Bennett |first=S. Christopher |authorlink=S. Christopher Bennett |year=2002 |title=Soft tissue preservation of the cranial crest of the pterosaur Germanodactylus from Solnhofen |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0043:STPOTC]2.0.CO;2}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://mesozoicmonsters.blogspot.co.uk/2014/10/the-pterodactyl-tree.html|title=The pterodactyl tree |last=Vidovic|first=Steven|date=October 29, 2014}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Zhongjian |first=Yang |authorlink=Yang Zhongjian |year=1964 |title=On a new pterosaurian from Sinkiang, China |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=8 |pages=221–255 }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Bennett |first=S. Christopher |authorlink=S. Christopher Bennett |year=2006 |title=Juvenile specimens of the pterosaur Germanodactylus cristatus, with a revision of the genus |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=872–878 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[872:JSOTPG]2.0.CO;2}} 7. ^1 {{cite book |last=Kellner |first=Alexander W.A. |year=2003 |chapter=Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group |editor=Buffetaut, Eric |editor2=Mazin, Jean-Michel |title=Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs |series=Geological Society Special Publication 217 |publisher=The Geological Society |location=London |pages=105–137 |isbn=1-86239-143-2}} 8. ^1 2 Unwin, David M. (2003) "On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs", in Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs, 139-190. 9. ^Unwin, David M. (2006). The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time, 273. 10. ^Unwin, David M. (2006). The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time, 84-85. 11. ^1 Maisch, M.W., Matzke, A.T., and Ge Sun. (2004). A new dsungaripteroid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of the southern Junggar Basin, north-west China. Cretaceous Research 25:625-634. 12. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0110646| title = Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Upper Jurassic of Bavaria, Germany: The Problem of Cryptic Pterosaur Taxa in Early Ontogeny| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 9| issue = 10| pages = e110646| year = 2014| last1 = Vidovic | first1 = S. U. | last2 = Martill | first2 = D. M. }} 13. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Vidovic | first1 = S.U. | last2 = Martill | first2 = D.M. | title = The taxonomy and phylogeny of Diopecephalus kochi (Wagner, 1837) and ‘Germanodactylus rhamphastinus’ (Wagner, 1851) | journal = Geological Society, London, Special Publications | volume = 455 | doi = 10.1144/SP455.12 | date = 2017 | url = http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2017/06/26/SP455.12}} 14. ^{{cite journal |last=Plieninger |first=F. |year=1901 |title=Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flugsaurier |journal=Palaeontographica |volume=48 |pages=65–90 }} 15. ^{{cite journal |last=Wiman |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Wiman |year=1925 |title=Über Pterodactylus Westmanni und andere Flugsaurier |journal=Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Uppsala |volume=20 |pages=1–38}} 16. ^{{cite journal |last=Wagner |authorlink=Johann Andreas Wagner |year=1851 |title=Beschreibung einer neuen Art von Ornithocephalus, nebst kritischer Vergleichung der in der k. palaeontologischen Sammlung zu München aufgestellten Arten aus dieser Gattung |journal=Abhandlungen der königlichen bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |volume=6 |pages=1–64 |language=German|first =Johann Andreas}} 17. ^{{cite journal |last=Wellnhofer |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Wellnhofer |year=1970 |title=Die Pterodactyloidea (Pterosauria) der Oberjura-Plattenkalke Süddeutschlands |journal=Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |volume=141 |pages=1–133}} 18. ^{{cite journal |last=Unwin |first=David M. |authorlink=David M. Unwin |year=1988 |title=A new pterosaur from the Kimmeridge Clay of Kimmeridge, Dorset |journal=Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History Museum and Archaeological Society |volume=109 |pages=150–153}} 19. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02724634.1996.10011332 |last=Bennett |first=S. Christopher |authorlink=S. Christopher Bennett |year=1996 |title=Year-classes of pterosaurs from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: taxonomic and systematic implications |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=432–444}} 20. ^{{cite journal |last=Jouve |first=Stephane |year=2004 |title=Description of the skull of a Ctenochasma (Pterosauria) from the Late Jurassic of eastern France, with a taxonomic revision of European Tithonian Pterodactyloidea |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=542–554 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0542:DOTSOA]2.0.CO;2 }} External links
5 : Dsungaripteroids|Late Jurassic pterosaurs of Europe|Solnhofen fauna|Taxa named by Yang Zhongjian|Fossil taxa described in 1964 |
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