| 词条 | German submarine U-221 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
German submarine U-221 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. Ordered on 15 August 1940 from the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel, she was laid down on 16 June 1941 as yard number 651, launched on 14 March 1942 and commissioned on 9 May 1942 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Hans-Hartwig Trojer. A member of twelve wolfpacks, she sank a total of eleven ships for a total of {{GRT|65,589|disp=long}} in five patrols. In addition, it sunk 10 warships with a total tonnage 759 tons and damaged one ship with a total tonnage of 7,197 GRT. DesignGerman Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-221 had a displacement of {{convert|769|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|871|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} She had a total length of {{convert|67.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a pressure hull length of {{convert|50.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|6.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of {{convert|2800 to 3200|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of {{convert|750|PS|kW shp}} for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two {{convert|1.23|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|230|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|17.7|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|7.6|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|80|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|8500|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. U-221 was fitted with five {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one {{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a {{convert|2|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} Service historyU-221 is also credited with the destruction of ten allied landing craft (nine LCMs and one LCT) that were lost aboard the British merchantman Southern Empress when that vessel was torpedoed and sunk on 14 October 1942. 1st patrolU-221 departed Kristiansand on 3 September 1942 having moved to the Norwegian port a day earlier. Her route took her through the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands. She claimed her first victim, Fagersten, about {{convert|500|nmi|abbr=on}} east of the Belle Isle Strait, in Newfoundland on 13 October. In the same attack, she sank Ashworth and Senta. There were no survivors from either vessel. The next day two more ships fell to the torpedoes of the German U-boat. The Susana went down in six minutes northeast of St. Johns; Southern Empress was sent to the bottom, taking a deck cargo of ten landing craft with her. U-221 docked in St Nazaire on 22 October. 2nd patrolThe boat's second foray was one of anti-climax and tragedy. Although she scoured the Atlantic west of Ireland, she failed to find any targets. On 8 December U-221 and {{GS|U-254||2}} collided in heavy fog, resulting in the loss of the latter boat. U-221 was badly damaged. Unable to dive, Oberleutnant zur See Trojer aborted the patrol and returned to St. Nazaire. 3rd patrolHer third sortie was more fruitful. The Jamaica was destroyed on 7 March 1943. This ship took just two minutes to find a watery grave, followed by Tucurina on the 10th, southeast of Cape Farewell, (Greenland). In the same attack, the U-boat sank Andrea F. Luckenbach and damaged {{SS|Lawton B. Evans}} (probably due to a dud torpedo). Retribution was swift; the convoy's escorts from HX 228 caused serious damage to U-221. Repairs were carried out at sea, enabling the boat to sink two more ships on 18 March; Canadian Star and Walter Q. Gresham were added to her list of 'kills'. 4th patrolU-221 only sank one ship on this patrol, Sandanger; the survivors had a remarkable escape. Occupying the only intact lifeboat, they found themselves in an area of low pressure created by the ship's burning fuel cargo. The flames were split in two by strong winds which also kept them above the men's heads by only a few feet as they rowed clear of the location. 5th patrol and lossU-221 left St. Nazaire for the last time on 20 September 1943. On the 27th she was attacked by a Handley Page Halifax of No. 58 Squadron RAF with eight depth charges southwest of Ireland. The U-boat was seen to sink by the stern but the aircraft was also hit, forcing the pilot to ditch about three miles from the encounter. Two gunners from the Halifax were lost; the U-boat was sunk with all hands (50 men).[1]{{sfn|Kemp|1999|p=147}} WolfpacksU-221 took part in twelve wolfpacks, namely.
Summary of raiding history
See also{{GS|U-254}}ReferencesNotes1. ^{{Cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/u221.html |title=The Type VIIC boat U-221 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=9 December 2014}} 2. ^Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement. Citations{{reflist|30em}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Busch |first1=Rainer |last2=Röll |first2=Hans-Joachim |title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 |trans-title=German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945 |work=Der U-Boot-Krieg |volume=IV |publisher=Mittler |location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn |year=1999 |isbn=3-8132-0514-2 |language=German |ref=harv }}
|last=Edwards |first=Bernard |title=Dönitz and the Wolf Packs - The U-boats at War |year=1996 |isbn=0-304-35203-9 |pages=132, 173, 208 |publisher=Cassell Military Classics |ref={{sfnRef|Edwards}} }}
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }}
|last=Kemp |first=Paul |title=U-Boats Destroyed - German Submarine Losses in the World Wars |year=1997 |publisher=Arms & Armour |isbn=1-85409-515-3 |ref=harv }}{{Refend}} External links
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u221.html |title=The Type VIIC boat U-221 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=9 December 2014 }}
|url=http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0221.html |title=U 221 |last=Hofmann |first=Markus |website=Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de |language=German |accessdate=26 December 2014 }}{{German Type VII submarines}}{{September 1943 shipwrecks}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Submarine | portal3=World War II }}{{coord|47|0|N|18|0|E|display=title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}{{DEFAULTSORT:U0221}} 12 : German Type VIIC submarines|World War II submarines of Germany|U-boats commissioned in 1942|U-boats sunk in 1943|U-boats sunk by British aircraft|1942 ships|World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean|Ships built in Kiel|U-boats sunk by depth charges|Ships lost with all hands|U-boat accidents|Maritime incidents in September 1943 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。