| 词条 | German submarine U-438 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
German submarine U-438 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 25 April 1940 at the Schichau-Werke yard as yard number 1480 in Danzig, launched on 6 September 1941 and commissioned on 22 November 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Rudolf Franzius. The city of Berlin adopted the submarine within the popular sponsorship programme (Patenschaftsprogramm), organising gifts and holidays for the crew and earning her the honorary name of U-438 Berlin. The U-boat served with the 8th U-Boat Flotilla for her training and later with the 9th Flotilla from 1 August 1942 to her loss on 6 May 1943. U-438 completed four patrols, sinking three ships, totalling {{GRT|12,045|disp=long}} and damaging one ship totalling {{GRT|5,496}}. She was a member of ten wolfpacks. DesignGerman Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-438 had a displacement of {{convert|769|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|871|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} She had a total length of {{convert|67.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a pressure hull length of {{convert|50.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|6.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of {{convert|2800 to 3200|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of {{convert|750|PS|kW shp}} for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two {{convert|1.23|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|230|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|17.7|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|7.6|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|80|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|8500|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. U-438 was fitted with five {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one {{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a {{convert|2|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} Service history1st patrolU-438 sailed from Kiel in Germany, on 1 August 1942 and headed for the mid-Atlantic. On 10 August she took part in a "wolfpack" attack on Convoy SC 94, south of Iceland. She fired a spread of torpedoes simultaneously with {{GS|U-660||2}}, hitting the Greek 4,439-ton cargo ship Condylis[3] and the British 6,008 ton Oregon[4] on the port side, while U-660 hit them from starboard. Both ships, badly damaged, fell behind the main convoy and were sunk by U-438 several hours later. On 11 August U-438 joined Wolfpack 'Lohs', which operated in the north Atlantic.[5] On 25 August U-438 attacked convoy ON 122, which she had been stalking since the 22nd,[6] sinking the Norwegian 1,598 ton merchant ship Trolla.[7] Several hours later U-438 was detected on radar by the Norwegian {{sclass2-|Flower|corvette}} {{ship|HNoMS|Eglantine|K197|6}}, and within a few minutes the ship spotted the surfaced U-boat in fog and opened fire with her 4 inch gun, before attacking with depth charges as U-438 crash-dived. The corvette continued to attack, forcing the U-boat to the surface after the bow compartment was flooded. Unable to dive, U-438 escaped in the fog. After making repairs she was ordered to return to base, arriving at Brest in occupied France, on 3 September.[8] 2nd patrolU-438 sailed from Brest on 6 October 1942. On 2 November in an attack on Convoy SC 107 about 450 miles east of Belle Isle, she torpedoed the British 5,496 ton cargo ship Hartington,[9] which had already been damaged by a torpedo from {{GS|U-522||2}}, the abandoned ship was finally sunk by {{GS|U-521||2}} two hours later. U-438 returned to Brest on 19 November.[10]3rd patrolU-438 left Brest again on 31 December 1942 for another mid-Atlantic patrol, but had no successes before returning to base on 16 February.[11]4th patrol and lossSince her commander, Rudolf Franzius, was ill, Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Heinsohn, originally commander of {{GS|U-573||2}} and recently returned from Spanish internment, was given command of U-438. She sailed from Brest on 31 March 1943[12] and was unsuccessfully attacked by a Catalina flying boat of 5 squadron, RAF on 4 May 1943. On 6 May the U-boat was sunk with all hands, north-west Newfoundland at position {{coord|52|00|N|45|10|W|dim:2000000|display=inline,title}}, by depth charges from the Egret class sloop {{HMS|Pelican|L86|6}}.[1]WolfpacksU-438 took part in ten wolfpacks, namely.
Summary of raiding history
References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/u438.html |title=The Type VIIC boat U-438 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2010-01-15}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/u438.html |title=War Patrols by German U-boat U-438 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2010-01-15}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2026.html |title=Condylis (Steam merchant) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2010-01-15}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2027.html |title=Oregon (Steam merchant) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2010-01-15}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/ops/wolfpacks/index.html?id=39 |title=Wolfpack Lohs - German U-Boat Operations |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=2011-06-16}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/ops/convoys/convoys.php?convoy=ONS-122 |title=Convoy ONS-122 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2011-06-16}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2081.html |title=Trolla (Steam merchant) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2010-01-15}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_790.html |title=Patrol of U-boat U-438 from 1 Aug 1942 to 3 Sep 1942 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2010-01-15}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2348.html |title=Hartington (Steam merchant) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2010-01-15}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_791.html |title=Patrol of U-boat U-438 from 6 Oct 1942 to 19 Nov 1942 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2010-01-15}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_792.html |title=Patrol of U-boat U-438 from 31 Dec 1942 to 16 Feb 1943 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2010-01-15}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_793.html |title=Patrol of U-boat U-438 from 31 Mar 1943 to 6 May 1943 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2010-01-15}} Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last=Bishop |first=Chris |title=Kriegsmarine U-Boats, 1939-45 |publisher=Amber Books |location=London |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-904687-96-2 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Busch |first1=Rainer |last2=Röll |first2=Hans-Joachim |title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 |trans-title=German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945 |work=Der U-Boot-Krieg |volume=IV |publisher=Mittler |location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn |year=1999 |isbn=3-8132-0514-2 |language=German |ref=harv }}
| last=Edwards | first=Bernard | title=Dönitz and the Wolf Packs - The U-boats at War | year=1996 | isbn=0-304-35203-9 | pages=91, 98, 99, 197, 200 | publisher=Cassell Military Classics | ref={{sfnRef|Edwards}}
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }}
|last=Kemp |first=Paul |title=U-Boats Destroyed - German Submarine Losses in the World Wars |location=London |year=1999 |publisher=Arms & Armour |isbn=1-85409-515-3 |ref=harv }}{{Refend}} External links
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u438.html |title=The Type VIIC boat U-438 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=26 December 2014 }}{{German Type VII submarines}}{{May 1943 shipwrecks}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Submarine | portal3=World War II }}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}{{DEFAULTSORT:U0438}} 13 : German Type VIIC submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1941|U-boats sunk in 1943|U-boats sunk by depth charges|U-boats sunk by British warships|World War II submarines of Germany|World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean|Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast|1941 ships|Ships built in Danzig|Ships built by Schichau|Ships lost with all hands|Maritime incidents in May 1943 |
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