| 词条 | German submarine U-977 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
DesignGerman Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-977 had a displacement of {{convert|769|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|871|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} She had a total length of {{convert|67.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a pressure hull length of {{convert|50.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|6.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of {{convert|2800 to 3200|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of {{convert|750|PS|kW shp}} for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two {{convert|1.23|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|230|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|17.7|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|7.6|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|80|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|8500|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. U-977 was fitted with five {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one {{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one twin {{convert|2|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty men.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} FLAK weaponryU-977 was mounted with a single 3.7 cm Flakzwilling M42U gun on the rare LM 43U mount. The LM 43U mount was the final design of mount used on U-boats and is only known to be installed on few U-boats ({{GS|U-249||2}}, {{GS|U-826||2}}, {{GS|U-1023||2}}, {{GS|U-1171||2}}, {{GS|U-1305||2}} and {{GS|U-1306||2}}).{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} The 3.7 cm Flak M42U was the marine version of the 3.7 cm Flak, used by the Kriegsmarine on Type VII and Type IX U-boats. Service historyU-977 was launched in March 1943. She was used in training and made no war patrols during her first two years of service. On 2 May 1945 she was sent on her first war patrol, sailing from Kristiansand, Norway, commanded by Oberleutnant zur See Heinz Schäffer (1921–1979). Schäffer's orders were to enter the British port of Southampton and sink any shipping there. This would have been a very dangerous assignment for a Type VII boat. When Admiral Dönitz ordered all attack submarines to stand down on 5 May 1945, U-977 was outbound north of Scotland. Voyage to ArgentinaOblt.z.S. Schäffer decided to sail to Argentina rather than surrender. During later interrogation, Schäffer said his main reason was a German propaganda broadcast by Goebbels, which claimed that the Allies' Morgenthau Plan would turn Germany into a "goat pasture” and that all German men would be "enslaved and sterilized".{{cn|date=March 2019}} Other factors were remembrances of the poor conditions and long delays that German POWs suffered through, in being repatriated at the end of World War I (see Forced labor of Germans after World War II), and the hope of better living conditions in Argentina, which had a large German community. Schäffer offered the married crewmen the option of going ashore in Europe. Sixteen chose to do so and were landed from dinghies on Holsnøy Island near Bergen on 10 May {{citation needed|date=June 2016}}. U-977 then sailed to Argentina. Schäffer's version of the voyage states that from 10 May to 14 July 1945 she made a continuous submerged Schnorchel passage, "at 66 days the second longest in the war (after {{GS|U-978|3=2}}'s 68 days)". A conflicting account from the U.S. Navy (USN) report of 19 September 1945[3] contradicts Schäffer's version. The US Navy Report on the U-977 crew interrogations was compiled within a month of the boat's surrender. It makes no mention of a 66-day voyage always submerged, a striking omission since the voyage must have been fresh in the minds of the German crew. They told the American interrogators that U-977 "made for the Iceland Passage on course 300° (that is, a little North by West) diving once on sighting a plane and once on sighting a ship: "she was also D/F'd many times late in May". (This can also mean traversing in Schnorchel depth and then diving on contact; possible translation errors during interrogations and interrogators failing to ask clarifying questions.) According to the Navy report, the submarine stopped in the Cape Verde Islands for a short break, then completed the trip traveling on the surface using one engine. Crossing the equator on 23 July, she arrived in Mar del Plata, Argentina on 17 August after 99 days at sea from Bergen and a voyage of {{convert|7644|nmi|abbr=on}}. Schäffer maintained that he crossed the Equator on 23 or 24 July 1945, on this both the US Navy and Schäffer agree. The Schäffer version of the trip said that after they stopped in Cape Verde for a short break, they completed the rest of the trip alternating passages in the surface, partly dipped, arriving in Mar del Plata, Argentina, on August 17, after 99 days at sea from Bergen on a journey of {{convert|7,644|nmi|lk=in}}.[4] After surrendering to the Argentine authorities, as had happened to the crew of U-530, they were extradited to the US where they responded to the charge of having torpedoed the cruiser Bahia, and then to the UK, where they faced accusations that they had landed Nazi leaders in Argentina before surrendering. Schaeffer was released in 1947. U-977 like U-530 was seized by the US Navy, and sunk during naval firing exercises, in its case in 1946, when it was used as a target.[5] Schäffer later wrote a book: U-977 – 66 Tage unter Wasser ("U-977 – 66 Days Under Water"), the first postwar memoir by a former U-boat officer. It was published in 1952, and was translated into English under the title U-boat 977. In the artsDocumentary film [https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185615/http://landwehrcanal.com/u-977-66-days-under-water.html U-977 - 66 Days Under Water] directed by Nadine Poulain, Schäffer's granddaughter, which was in the final stages of production in 2014. See also
References1. ^Salinas & De Nápoli , 2002. 2. ^Paterson, 2009. Pages 27 to 33. 3. ^{{cite web |author = Office of Naval Intelligence |title = Report on the Interrogation of Prisoners from U-977 (File Op-16-2) |publisher = U.S. Navy |date = 19 September 1945 |url = http://www.uboatarchive.net/U-977INT.htm |accessdate = 21 August 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090329085015/http://www.uboatarchive.net/U-977INT.htm |archivedate = 29 March 2009 |df = dmy}} 4. ^Paterson, 2009. Pages 27 to 33. 5. ^Kittel & Graf, 2015. p.93. Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Busch |first1=Rainer |last2=Röll |first2=Hans-Joachim |title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 |trans-title=German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945 |work=Der U-Boot-Krieg |volume=IV |publisher=Mittler |location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn |year=1999 |isbn=3-8132-0514-2 |language=German |ref=harv }}
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }}
External links
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u977.html |title=The Type VIIC boat U-977 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=29 December 2014 }}
|url=http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0977.html |title=U 977 |last=Hofmann |first=Markus |website=Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de |language=German |accessdate=29 December 2014 }}{{coord missing|Argentina}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}{{Latin America during World War II}}{{German Type VII submarines}}{{1946 shipwrecks}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Submarine | portal3=World War II | commons=y | commons-search=Category:U-977 (submarine, 1943) }}{{DEFAULTSORT:U0977}} 11 : Argentina in World War II|German Type VIIC submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1943|World War II submarines of Germany|1943 ships|Ships sunk as targets|Ships built in Hamburg|Captured U-boats|Maritime incidents in Argentina|U-boats sunk in 1946|Maritime incidents in 1946 |
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