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词条 Germany–Israel relations
释义

  1. Country comparison

  2. History

      Reparations agreement  

  3. Trade

  4. Culture, science and social programs

  5. Military cooperation

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Short description|1=Diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the State of Israel}}{{short description|Diplomatic relations between Germany and Israel}}{{Infobox bilateral relations|Germany–Israel|Germany|Israel|map=Germany Israel Locator.svg}}Germany–Israel relations refers to the diplomatic relationship between the Federal Republic of Germany and the State of Israel. After the end of World War II and the Holocaust, relations gradually thawed as West Germany offered to pay reparations to Israel in 1952[1] and diplomatic relations were officially established in 1965. Nonetheless, a deep mistrust of the German people remained widespread in Israel and the Jewish diaspora communities worldwide for many years after. Relations between East Germany and Israel never materialised. Israel and Germany now maintain a "special relationship" based on shared beliefs, Western values and a combination of historical perspectives.[2] Among the most important factors in their relations is Nazi Germany's genocide of Jews in Europe during the Holocaust.[3]

Germany is represented in Israel through its embassy in Tel Aviv and honorary consuls in Eilat and Haifa. Israel is represented in Germany through its embassy in Berlin and its Consulate-General in Munich. Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Union for the Mediterranean.

Country comparison

Germany Israel
Flag{{Flagicon|Germany|size=130px|text=none}}{{Flagicon|Israel|size=130px|text=none}}
Population82,800,000 (2018)8,904,280 (2018)
Area357386|km2|0|abbr=on}}20770|km2|0|abbr=on}}
Population density232|/km2|0|abbr=on}}403|/km2|0|abbr=on}}
CapitalBerlinJerusalem
Largest cityBerlin 3,710,156 (5,950,000 Metro)Jerusalem 901,302 (1,253,900 Metro)
Largest metro areaRuhr 10,680,783Tel Aviv-Yafo 3,854,000
GovernmentParliamentary republicParliamentary republic
First head of state Wilhelm I David Ben-Gurion
Current head of state Frank-Walter Steinmeier Benjamin Netanyahu
Official languageGermanHebrew
Main religions {{citation needed>date=November 2012}}26.6% Lutheran, 28.6% Catholic
2% Orthodox, 1.5% Other Christian
35.4% Unaffiliated 5% Muslim, 1% Other Religions		75.4% Jews, 20.89% Muslim, 7.8% others
Ethnic groups80% Germans, 2% Poles, 1% Italians 5.5% Turks, 3% East Asians, 1% Americans, 2.5% Russians, 5% Others75.4% Jews, 20.6% Arab, 4.1% others
GDP (nominal)US$4.33 trillion ($48,669 per capita)US$305 billion ($38,004 per capita)
Military expenditures$40.7 billion (1.2% of GDP)$23.2 billion (7.6% of GDP)
Military troops221,000176,500
English speakers56%84.97%
Labour forces45,900,0004,198,000

History

Reparations agreement

{{main|Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany}}

In the early 1950s, the negotiations began between the Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Claims Conference Nahum Goldmann, and the Chancellor of West Germany Konrad Adenauer. Because of the sensitivity of accepting reparations, this decision was intensely debated in the Israeli Knesset. In 1952, the Reparations Agreement was signed. All in all, as of 2007 Germany had paid 25 billion euros in reparations to the Israeli state and individual Israeli Holocaust survivors.[4]

In 1950, Hermann Maas became the first German to be officially invited to Israel.[5] It took another fifteen years until West Germany and Israel established diplomatic relations on May 12, 1965.[6] Since then, mutual state visits regularly occur, although for many years relations were affected by the fact that Jews both in and outside Israel maintained a deep mistrust of Germany and the German people. German President Roman Herzog's first official visit outside Europe was to Israel in 1994. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak was the first foreign leader received in Berlin after the German government's relocation from Bonn in 1999. German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder visited Israel in October 2000.

In 2005, the year of the 40th anniversary of bilateral diplomatic relations,[7] German President Horst Köhler and Israel's former President Moshe Katsav exchanged state visits.[8][9]

The two countries established a network of contacts between parliamentary, governmental, and non-governmental organizations, as well as strategic and security ties.

On January 30, 2008, Chancellor Angela Merkel's spokesman announced that the German and Israeli cabinets would meet in Israel in March 2008, in honor of Israel's 60th anniversary celebrations. This was the first time the German cabinet met with another cabinet outside of Europe. The joint meeting was expected to become an annual occurrence.[10] On March 17, 2008, Merkel paid a three-day visit to Israel to mark Israel's 60th anniversary. Merkel and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert signed agreements on a range of projects in education, the environment and defense.[11] Merkel spoke of her support for the Jewish state during an unprecedented speech to the Knesset on March 18, 2008.[12]

In January 2011, Merkel visited Israel and met with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and opposition Kadima leader Tzipi Livni.[13] In February 2011, Netanyahu called Merkel to discuss Germany's vote in the United Nations Security Council in favor of the Palestinian proposal. Merkel reportedly told Netanyahu that he had disappointed her and done nothing to advance peace.[14] To clear the air, Netanyahu was invited for a reconciliation visit to Berlin in mid-March 2011.[14]

In September, Merkel criticized Israel for construction in settlements in Jerusalem and said that the new housing permits raised doubts over Israel's readiness to negotiate with the Palestinians.[15]

Germany was one of 14 countries that voted against Palestine's UNESCO membership in October 2011, within the context of the Palestine 194 initiative. When Israel announced that building settlements would continue in response to Palestinian attempts to declare statehood unilaterally, Germany threatened to stop deliveries to Israel of submarines capable of firing nuclear warheads.[16]

Deutsche Bahn, the German national railway, in May 2011 pulled out of the high-speed railway to Jerusalem project because the line will pass in part through the West Bank. According to press reports, the German transport minister Peter Ramsauer told Deutsche Bahn's CEO that the projected rail line was "problematic from a political perspective" and violated international law. As a result, the company, which is owned by the German government, withdrew from the project. The company's decision was seen as a victory for left-wing Israeli and Palestinian activists who had waged a campaign within the context of the international Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement.[17]

Trade

Germany is Israel's largest trading partner in Europe and Israel's second most important trading partner after the United States. Israeli imports from Germany amount to some USD 2.3 billion annually, while Israel is Germany's fourth largest trading partner in the North Africa/Middle East region.[2]

Culture, science and social programs

The two countries enjoy extensive scientific relations, with cooperation in science between Israeli and German universities and the development of the Minerva Society. During the visit by President Katsav, Bundestag President Wolfgang Thierse promoted the establishment of German–Israeli Youth Office – modeled on Germany's joint youth offices with France and Poland – as a tool to educate German and Israeli youth about their respective histories and the sensitivities of their relationship.[2]

The German-Israel Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF) was established in 1986.[18]

A number of exchange programs work between young Germans and Israelis. About 2,000 Israelis and 4,500 Germans currently participate each year in the exchange program run by Germany's Federal Ministry for the Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. The German organization Action Reconciliation (Aktion Sühnezeichen) has played a role in bringing Germans and Israelis together. Since 1961, Action Reconciliation has sent about 2,500 volunteers to work in Israeli hospitals and social welfare programs. Churches and trade unions have been active in fostering relations.

Israel places great importance on sister city relationships with German cities. Haifa has five sister cities in Germany; Tel Aviv has five and Netanya has two. Over 100 Israeli cities and local authorities have ties with Germany.[19]

According to a 2013 BBC World Service Poll, 8% of Germans view Israel's influence as positive and 67% view it as negative, though this was about average for the European countries surveyed.[20]

In a Pew Research Center poll from 2006, 37% of Germans supported Israel against 18% who supported Palestinians. In a similar poll by Pew, conducted in 2007, 34% of the German public supported Israel, while 21% supported Palestinians.[21] In a German poll from 2009, after the Gaza War (2008–09), 30% of the Germans held Hamas accountable for the military operation, while just 13% blamed Israel.[22] A Pew research center poll conducted in 2013 found that 28% of Germans take Israel's side in the Israeli Palestinian conflict, while 26% take Palestinians' side.[23] A poll conducted by German polling institute TNS Emnid in 2014 on behalf of Bertelsmann Foundation found that 15% of Germans want their government to back Israel, while only 5% want their government to back the Palestinians. When asked whom they believe the German public supports, 33% of the Germans said Israel while 9% said the Palestinians. Israelis, who were also polled in the study, were more skeptical, as only 16% of them believed the German public supports them, against 33% who believed the Germans back Palestinians.[24]

Military cooperation

Germany and Israel have significant and long-standing military cooperation. From 1959 to 1967 the Federal Republic of Germany was a significant supplier of military equipment and arms to Israel.[25] However, after 1965, when West Germany backed out of an agreement to sell tanks to Israel, the United States filled the order by selling 210 M48 Patton tanks. The Merkava 4 uses a German MTU MB 873 Ka-501 air-cooled diesel V12 engine produced under license. Germany has supplied Israel with Dolphin class submarines while Germany utilizes the Israeli-designed Spike Anti-Tank Missile. In 2008, it was revealed that Germany and Israel had been jointly developing a nuclear warning system, dubbed Operation Bluebird, in secret.[26]

The German-Israeli military cooperation was shrouded in secrecy for a long period, as such an entente was not seen favorably within Israel. However, this tight relationship, translated through arms deal and intelligence sharing, developed into solid trust and ultimately laid the necessary groundwork for the establishment of diplomatic ties.[27] For the first time in history, German combat aircraft landed at Ovda Airport in Israel to take part in the Blue Flag exercise in 2017.[28]

See also

  • International recognition of Israel
  • History of Germany
  • History of Israel
  • History of the Jews in Germany
  • HaGalil Online - Online magazine for German-speaking Jews
  • Anti-German sentiment in Israel

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=The Reparations Agreement of 1952 and the response in Israel|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/English/collections/personalsites/Israel-Germany/Division-of-Germany/Pages/Reparations-Agreement.aspx|website=National Library of Israel}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.bicom.org.uk/publications/israels_foreign_relations/s/1207/the-israel-german-special-relationship/ |title=Israel's foreign relations. The Israel-German special relationship |publisher=Britain Israel Communications and Research Centre |date=2005-11-23 |accessdate=2006-08-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020503/http://www.bicom.org.uk/publications/israels_foreign_relations/s/1207/the-israel-german-special-relationship/ |archivedate=September 28, 2007}}
3. ^German Embassy. Background Papers. Germany and Israel {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023555/http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/archives/background/israel.html |date=September 27, 2007 }}
4. ^Congressional Research Service: Germany's Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy, Jan 19, 2007. (page CRS-2)
5. ^Yad Vashem: "Hermann Maas"
6. ^{{cite web|title=Beziehungen zu Deutschland (Relations to Germany)|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/sid_5BA053E76F445F3A61937D394C9FF6B2/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Israel/Bilateral_node.html|publisher=Federal Foreign Office|accessdate=31 March 2014}}
7. ^Israel and Germany to mark 40 years of diplomatic relations (Israel MFA) May 2005
8. ^Address by Horst Köhler, President of the Federal Republic of Germany, to the Knesset (Israel MFA) 2 February 2005
9. ^Israeli President Katsav: "Germany is a True Friend of Israel"{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (German embassy) June 2, 2005
10. ^AFP: Merkel to visit Israel marking 60th anniversary {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20110520120107/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5h-JI9ogMJA7aw1lCEMiFHrb_ocOg |date=2011-05-20 }}
11. ^Historic agreement for Israel, Germany - CNN.com
12. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Merkel admits Germany's 'Holocaust shame' |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/18/germany.israel/index.html |quote=German Chancellor Angela Merkel told Israel of Germany's "Holocaust shame," and asserted its support for the Jewish state during an unprecedented speech to the Knesset on Tuesday. |work=CNN |date=March 18, 2008 |accessdate=2009-06-11 }}
13. ^Netanyahu heads to Germany for reconciliation with Merkel
14. ^1 {{cite news |title=Netanyahu heads to Germany for reconciliation with Merkel |author=Barak Ravid and DPA |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-heads-to-germany-for-reconciliation-with-merkel-1.354421 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2011-04-11 |accessdate=2012-01-07}}
15. ^{{cite news |title=Germany reprimands Israel over new Jerusalem construction |author=Barak Ravid |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/germany-reprimands-israel-over-new-jerusalem-construction-1.387445 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2011-09-30 |accessdate=2012-01-07}}
16. ^{{cite news |title=Germany Threatens To Halt Submarine Sale to Israel |author= |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,794991,00.html |newspaper=Spiegel Online International |date=2011-10-31 |accessdate=2012-01-07}}
17. ^{{cite news |title=Deutsche Bahn pulls out of TA-Jerusalem railroad |author=Nir Hasson |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/deutsche-bahn-pulls-out-of-ta-jerusalem-railroad-1.361170 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2011-05-11 |accessdate=2012-01-07}}
18. ^The German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF)
19. ^Choose your family, Haaretz
20. ^2013 BBC World Service Poll. Only the United States has a majority positive view of Israel (51% positive, 32% negative). Of Europeans surveyed, Russian opinion is highest with 23% positive and 32% negative, and Spanish opinion is lowest with 4% positive and 70% negative. Germans also have the lowest opinions of Europeans surveyed of China, India, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Russia.
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2007/06/27/chapter-5-views-of-the-middle-east-conflict/|title=Pew Research Center poll 2007|last=|first=|date=2007-06-27|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/germans-divided-on-feelings-towards-israel-poll-shows/a-3945217|title=A German poll on DW|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/05/09/despite-their-wide-differences-many-israelis-and-palestinians-want-bigger-role-for-obama-in-resolving-conflict/|title=Pew Research Center poll 2013|last=|first=|date=2013-05-09|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en/topics/aktuelle-meldungen/2015/januar/germans-take-skeptical-view-of-israel/|title=Bertelsamnn Foundation study about Israel-Germany relations and public perception in both countries|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
25. ^Williamson, Murray, Knox, MacGregor, Bernstein, Alvin H., The making of strategy: rulers, states, and war, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 549
26. ^{{cite news | first=Yaakov | last=Lappin | coauthors= | authorlink= | title=Israel, Germany develop nuclear warning system | date= 17 November 2008| publisher= The Jerusalem Post| url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Israel-Germany-develop-nuclear-warning-system | work=| pages= | accessdate=25 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018125829/https://www.jpost.com/International/Israel-Germany-develop-nuclear-warning-system| archive-date= 18 October 2017| quote=Working in secret, Israel and Germany have jointly developed a nuclear missile detection system, according to the Defense News Web site. }}
27. ^{{cite news | first=Marcel | last=Serr | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Bilateral Arms Cooperation: The Roots of German-Israeli Relations| date=2015| publisher= | work =Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. IX(2).| doi=10.1080/23739770.2015.1043612 }}
28. ^{{Cite news | url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.820429 | title=India Air Force in Israel for First-ever Joint Military Exercise| newspaper=Haaretz| date=2017-11-02}}

External links

{{Commons category|Relations of Germany and Israel}}
  • Germany's Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy Congressional Research Service
  • {{cite news |title=Estranged friends? A view on Israel from Western Europe |author=Carlo Strenger |url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/strenger-than-fiction/estranged-friends-a-view-on-israel-from-western-europe-1.414125 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2012-02-22 |accessdate=2012-03-02}} - on Israel's image in Germany
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150423234601/https://www.de50il.org/en 50 years Germany-Israel relations], Frankfurter Societäts-Medien GmbH in cooperation with the German foreign ministry and the Israeli embassy in Berlin
  • Germany, the Jews and Israel: an exhibition presenting 75 years of German history at the National Library of Israel's website
{{Foreign relations of Germany}}{{Foreign relations of Israel}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Germany-Israel relations}}

3 : Germany–Israel relations|Bilateral relations of Germany|Bilateral relations of Israel
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