| 词条 | Gezer calendar |
| 释义 |
| name = Gezer calendar | image = | image2 = | image_caption = The calendar in its current location | material = Limestone | size = 11.1 × 7.2 cm | writing = Phoenician or paleo-Hebrew | created = {{circa}} 10th century BCE | discovered = 1908 | location = Istanbul Archaeology Museums | id = 2089 T }} The Gezer calendar is a small inscribed limestone tablet discovered in 1908 by Irish archaeologist R. A. Stewart Macalister in the ancient Canaanite city of Gezer, 20 miles west of Jerusalem. It is commonly dated to the 10th century BCE, although the excavation was unstratified[1] and its identification during the excavations was not in a "secure archaeological context", presenting uncertainty around the dating.[2] Scholars are divided as to whether the language is Phoenician or Hebrew and whether the script is Phoenician (or Proto-Canaanite) or paleo-Hebrew.[3][4][5][6][7][8] InscriptionThe calendar is inscribed on a limestone plaque and describes monthly or bi-monthly periods and attributes to each a duty such as harvest, planting, or tending specific crops. The inscription is in Phoenician or paleo-Hebrew script: {{Phoenician|res}}{{Phoenician|ayin}}.{{Phoenician|yodh}}{{Phoenician|res}}{{Phoenician|heth}}{{Phoenician|waw}}{{Phoenician|lamedh}}{{Phoenician|qoph}}{{Phoenician|sin}} {{Phoenician|yodh}}{{Phoenician|res}}{{Phoenician|heth}}{{Phoenician|ayin}}{{Phoenician|sade}}{{Phoenician|daleth}}{{Phoenician|pe}}{{Phoenician|sin}}{{Phoenician|taw}} {{Phoenician|yodh}}{{Phoenician|res}}{{Phoenician|heth}}{{Phoenician|qoph}}{{Phoenician|sade}}{{Phoenician|res}}{{Phoenician|sin}}{{Phoenician|ayin}}{{Phoenician|res}}{{Phoenician|mem}} {{Phoenician|yodh}}{{Phoenician|res}}{{Phoenician|heth}}{{Phoenician|qoph}}{{Phoenician|sade}}{{Phoenician|res}}{{Phoenician|waw}}{{Phoenician|kaph}}{{Phoenician|lamedh}} {{Phoenician|yodh}}{{Phoenician|res}}{{Phoenician|heth}}{{Phoenician|waw}}{{Phoenician|zayin}}{{Phoenician|mem}}{{Phoenician|res}} {{Phoenician|yodh}}{{Phoenician|res}}{{Phoenician|heth}}{{Phoenician|qoph}}{{Phoenician|sade}} {{Phoenician|aleph}}{{Phoenician|beth}}{{Phoenician|yodh}} Which in equivalent square Hebrew letters is as follows: {{Hebrew|ירחואספ ירחוז רע ירחולקש ירחעצדפשת ירחקצרשערמ ירחקצרוכל ירחוזמר ירחקצ אבי (ה)}} This corresponds to the following transliteration, with spaces added for word divisions: yrḥw ʾsp yrḥw z rʿ yrḥw lqš yrḥ ʿṣd pšt yrḥ qṣr šʿrm yrḥ qṣrw kl yrḥw zmr yrḥ qṣ ʾby [h] The text has been translated as: Two months gathering (September, October — in the Hebrew calendar Tishrei, Cheshvan) Two months planting (November, December — Kislev, Tevet) Two months late sowing (January, February — Shvat, Adar) One month cutting flax (March — Nisan) One month reaping barley (April — Iyar) One month reaping and measuring grain (May — Sivan) Two months pruning (June, July — Tammuz, Av) One month summer fruit (August — Elul) Abij [ah][9] Scholars have speculated that the calendar could be a schoolboy's memory exercise, the text of a popular folk song or a children's song. Another possibility is something designed for the collection of taxes from farmers. The scribe of the calendar is probably "Abijah", which means "Yah (a shortened form of the Tetragrammaton) is my father". This name appears in the Bible for several individuals, including a king of Judah (1 Kings 14:31). HistoryThe calendar was discovered in 1908 by R.A.S. Macalister of the Palestine Exploration Fund while excavating the ancient Canaanite city of Gezer, 20 miles west of Jerusalem. The Gezer calendar is currently displayed at the Museum of the Ancient Orient, a Turkish archaeology museum,[10][11] as is the Siloam inscription and other archaeological artifacts unearthed before World War I. A replica of the Gezer calendar is on display at the Israel Museum, Israel. See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |last1=Tappy |first1=Ron E. |first2=P. Kyle |last2=McCarter |first3=Marilyn J. |last3=Lundberg |first4=Bruce |last4=Zuckerman |year=2006 |title=An abecedary of the mid-tenth century B.C.E. from the Judaean Shephelah |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=344 |pages=41|jstor=25066976 |ref=harv|url=https://www.academia.edu/9206107/An_Abecedary_of_the_Mid-Tenth_Century_B.C.E._from_the_Judaean_Shephelah|quote=...compromised archaeological contexts (e.g. the unstratified Gezer calendar...}} 2. ^Aaron Demsky (2007), [https://www.academia.edu/7692617/Reading_Northwest_Semitic_Inscriptions Reading Northwest Semitic Inscriptions], Near Eastern Archaeology 70/2. Quote: "The first thing to consider when examining an ancient inscription is whether it was discovered in context or not. It is obvious that a document purchased on the antiquities market is suspect. If it was found in an archeological site, one should note whether it was found in its primary context, as with the inscription of King Achish from Ekron, or in secondary use, as with the Tel Dan inscription. Of course texts that were found in an archaeological site, but not in a secure archaeological context present certain problems of exact dating, as with the Gezer Calendar." 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Smith|first1=Mark S.|year=2002 |title=The Early History of God: Yahweh and the other deities in ancient Israel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&pg=PA20&dq=Gezer+calendar+phoenician&hl=en&ei=0PJqTYylDoiahQfR7-zsDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gezer%20calendar%20phoenician&f=false |pages=20|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co |isbn=978-0-8028-3972-5}} 4. ^[https://esr.academia.edu/AdamBean/Papers/443200/The_Calendar_Tablet_from_Gezer The Calendar Tablet from Gezer, Adam L Bean, Emmanual School of Religion] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302090228/http://esr.academia.edu/AdamBean/Papers/443200/The_Calendar_Tablet_from_Gezer |date=March 2, 2011 }} 5. ^Is it “Tenable”?, Hershel Shanks, Biblical Archaeology Review {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225054108/http://www.bib-arch.org/scholars-study/jezebel-seal-06.asp |date=December 25, 2010 }} 6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=IhFxx8eQIDsC&pg=PA56&dq=pardee+gezer&hl=en&ei=D7NzTYfVLsuZhQeFjPlT&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=gezer&f=false Spelling in the Hebrew Bible: Dahood memorial lecture, By Francis I. Andersen, A. Dean Forbes, p56] 7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Pardee|first1=Dennis|year=|title=A Brief Case for the Language of the ‘Gezer Calendar’ as Phoenician|journal=Linguistic Studies in Phoenician, ed. Robert D. Holmstedt and Aaron Schade|pages=43|publisher=Winona Lake}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Chris A. Rollston|title=Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA30|year=2010|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=978-1-58983-107-0|pages=30–}} 9. ^{{cite book |last1= Coogan|first1= Michael D.|year=2009 |title= A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context |pages= 119|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199830114}} 10. ^Gezer calendar {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101043950/http://www.istanbularkeoloji.gov.tr/web/27-109-1-1/muze_-_en/collections/archaeological_museum_artifacts/gezer_calendar |date=2012-11-01 }} 11. ^Istanbul Archaeological Museums, Artifacts {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101043950/http://www.istanbularkeoloji.gov.tr/web/27-109-1-1/muze_-_en/collections/archaeological_museum_artifacts/gezer_calendar |date=2012-11-01 }} Further reading
External links{{Commons|Category:Gezer Calendar}}
9 : 10th-century BC works|1908 archaeological discoveries|Ancient Israel and Judah|Ancient Near East steles|Archaeological artifacts|Hebrew inscriptions|Earliest known manuscripts by language|Collection of the Istanbul Archaeology Museums|Phoenician inscriptions |
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