“Ghadamès language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Ghadamès language

释义

Research
Number of speakers
The language
Phonology
References
Bibliography

{{Infobox language
|name=Ghadamès
|states=Libya
|region=Ghadamès
|speakers=13,100
|date=2006
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Berber
|fam3=Eastern
|iso3=gha
|glotto=ghad1239
|glottorefname=Ghadames
|dialects=Ayt Waziten, Ayt Ulid
}}

Ghadamès (Berber: Ɛdimes, {{IPA-xx|ʕdimes|}} or Ɣdames, {{IPA-xx|Ɣdames|}}; Arabic: غدامس, {{IPA-ar|ɣadaːmes|}}) is a Berber language that is spoken in the oasis town of Ghadames in Nalut District, Libya.

Research

Ghadamès language materials have been gathered by two linguists. The first materials were published in 1903 and 1904 by Adolphe de Calassanti Motylinski (1854–1907). A more copious and reliable source is provided by the works of White Father Jacques Lanfry, who stayed in Ghadames from 1944 to 1945 and who published his main works in 1968 and 1973. No new research has been undertaken on location since then. Recently, Kossmann (2013) has published a modern grammar of Ghadamès based on Lanfry’s materials.

Number of speakers

Lanfry mentions the number of c. 4,000 speakers as an optimistic estimate.^[1] The actual number of speakers is not known with certainty. Ethnologue cites a number of c. 10,000 speakers in 2006, with another 2,000 living outside the area. However, the number of 10,000 reflects the total number of inhabitants of Ghadames, who are not all native speakers of Ghadamès. In addition, the number of 2,000 emigrant speakers is based on a very old source.^[2] Ethnologue classifies the language as 6b (Threatened).

The language

Ghadamès is a Berber language on its own, preserving several unique phonological and morphological features, and the Ghadamès lexicon, as recorded by Lanfry, shows relatively little influence from Arabic. There is as yet no consensus on the classification of Ghadamès within the Berber language group. Aikhenvald and Militarev (1984) group it as Eastern Berber, and Kossmann (1999) specifically groups it together with Awjila. Ethnologue classifies it as East Zenati.

Phonology

Consonants

Like other Berber languages and Arabic, Ghadamès has both pharyngealized ("emphatic") and plain dental consonants. Gemination is contrastive. Consonants listed between brackets occur only very sporadically.

Ghadamès consonant phonemes (IPA)
	Labial	Labio- dental	Dental	Dental phar.	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m}}		n̪}}
Stop	{{IPA>b}}		t̪}} {{IPA\|d̪}}	t̪ˤ}} {{IPA\|dˤ}}	{{IPA>ɟ}}	k}} {{IPA\|ɡ}}	q}}
Fricative	{{IPA>β}}	f}}	s̪}} {{IPA\|z̪}}	s̪ˤ}} {{IPA\|z̪ˤ}}	ʃ}} {{IPA\|ʒ}}	x}} {{IPA\|ɣ}}		ħ}} {{IPA\|ʕ}}	h}}
Affricate					tʃ}})
Approximant	w}}		l̪}}	l̪ˤ}}	j}}
Trill			r̪}}	r̪ˤ}}

Vowels

Most Berber languages have just three phonemic vowels. Ghadamès, like Tamasheq, has seven vowels.

Ghadamès vowel phonemes (IPA)
Front	Central	Back
Close	i}}	u}}
Close-mid	e}}	o}}
Mid	ə}}
Near-open	ɐ}}
Open	a}}

References

1. ^Lanfry (1973:iv).
2. ^Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, article Ghadāmis (1952): 2,000 persons with a background in Ghadames living in Tunis; quoted by Lanfry (1973:iv).

Bibliography

{{Cite journal | author= Calassanti Motylinski, A. de |year=1903 | title=Note sur la mission dans le Souf pour y étudier le dialecte berbère de R'adamès | journal=Journal Asiatique | volume=1903, II | pages=157-162}}
{{Cite book | author= Calassanti Motylinski, A. de |year=1904 | title=Le dialecte berbere de R’edamès | location=Paris | publisher=Leroux | url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k841167}}
{{Cite book | author=Kossmann, M. | year=2013 | title=A Grammatical Sketch of Ghadames Berber (Libya) | location=Köln | publisher=Köppe | isbn=978-3-89645-940-4}}
{{Cite book | author=Lanfry, J. | year=1968 | title=Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. I, Textes, notes philologiques et ethnographiques | location=Fort-National | publisher=Fichier de documentation berbère}}
{{Cite book | author=Lanfry, J. | year=1973 | title= Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. II, Glossaire (parler des Ayt Waziten) | location=[Fort-National] | publisher=Le fichier périodique | url=https://archive.org/details/240176781GhadamesIIGlossaireParlerDesAytWazitenJacquesLanfryPages1223}}

4 : Berber languages|Berbers in Libya|Languages of Libya|Ghadames

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