词条 | Ghanaian cuisine |
释义 |
Ghanaian cuisine is the cuisine of the Ghanaian people. Ghanaian main dishes are organized around a starchy staple food, with which goes a sauce or soup containing a protein sauce. The main ingredient for the vast majority of soups and stews are tomatoes- canned or fresh tomatoes can be used. As a result, nearly all Ghanaian soups and stews are red or orange in appearance. History{{See also|History of Ghana}}{{expand section|date=January 2019}}Main staple foodsThe typical staple foods in the southern part of Ghana include cassava and plantain. In the northern part, the main staple foods include millet and sorghum. Yam, maize and beans are used across Ghana as staple foods. Sweet potatoes and cocoyam are also important in the Ghanaian diet and cuisine. With the advent of globalization, crops such as rice and wheat have been increasingly incorporated into Ghanaian cuisine. The foods below represent Ghanaian dishes made out of these staple foods. Foods made with maize
Foods made with rice
Foods made with cassava
Foods made with beansA deviation to the starch and stew combination are "Red Red" and "tubaani". These are primarily based on vegetable protein (beans). *"Red Red" is a popular Ghanaian bean and fish stew served with fried ripe plantain and often accompanied with gari, fish and pulses. It earns its name from the palm oil that tints the bean stew and the bright orange color of the fried ripe plantain. {{clear right}}
Foods made with yam
Soups and stewsMost Ghanaian side dishes are served with a stew, soup or Mako (a spicy condiment made from raw red and green chilies, onions and tomatoes (pepper sauce). Ghanaian stews and soups are quite sophisticated, with liberal and delicate use of exotic ingredients, a wide variety of flavours, spices and textures. Vegetables such as palm nuts, peanuts, cocoyam leaves, ayoyo, spinach, wild mushroom, okra, garden eggs (eggplant), tomatoes and various types of pulses are the main ingredients in Ghanaian soups and stews and in the case of pulses, may double as the main protein ingredient. Beef, pork, goat, lamb, chicken, smoked turkey, tripe, dried snails, and fried fish are common sources of protein in Ghanaian soups and stews, sometimes mixing different types of meat and occasionally fish into one soup. Soups are served as a main course rather than a starter. It is also common to find smoked meat, fish and seafood in Ghanaian soups and stews. Meat, mushrooms and seafood may be smoked, salted or dried for flavour enhancement and preservation. Salt fish is widely used to flavour fish based stews. Spices such as thyme, garlic, onions, ginger, peppers, curry, basil, nutmeg, sumbala, Tetrapleura tetraptera (prekese) and bay leaf are delicately used to achieve the exotic and spicy flavours that characterizes Ghanaian cuisine. Palm oil, coconut oil, shea butter, palm kernel oil and peanut oil are important Ghanaian oils used for cooking or frying and may sometime not be substituted in certain Ghanaian dishes. For example, using palm oil in okro stew, eto, fante fante,[2] red red, egusi stew and mpihu/mpotompoto (similar to Poi).[3] Coconut oil, palm kernel oil and shea butter have lost their popularity for cooking in Ghana due to the introduction of refined oils and negative Ghanaian media adverts targeted at those oils. They are now mostly used in few traditional homes, for soap making and by commercial (street food) food vendors as a cheaper substitute to refined cooking oils. Common Ghanaian soups are groundnut soup,[4] light (tomato) soup,[4] kontomire (taro leaves) soup, Palm Nut Soup,[5] ayoyo soup and okra soup. Ghanaian tomato stew or gravy is a stew that is often served with rice or waakye. Other vegetable stews are made with kontomire, garden eggs, egusi (pumpkin seeds), spinach, okra, etc. {{clear right}}Breakfast mealsMost of the dishes mentioned above are served during lunch and supper in modern Ghana. However, those engaged in manual labour and a large number of urban dwellers still eat these foods for breakfast and will usually buy them from the streets. In large Ghanaian cities, working-class people would often take fruit, tea, chocolate drink, oats, rice porridge (locally called rice water) or kooko (fermented maize porridge) and koose/akara or maasa (rice, ripe plantain and maize meal fritters).[6] Other breakfast foods include grits, tombrown (roasted maize porridge), and millet porridge.[6] Bread is an important feature in Ghanaian breakfast and baked foods. Ghanaian bread, which is known for its good quality, is baked with wheat flour and sometimes cassava flour is added for an improved texture. There are four major types of bread in Ghana. They are tea bread (similar to the baguette), sugar bread (which is a sweet bread), brown (whole wheat) bread, and butter bread. Rye bread, oat bread and malt bread are also quite common.[7]Sweet foodsThere are many sweet local foods which have been marginalized due to their low demand and long preparation process. Ghanaian sweet foods (or confectionery) may be fried, barbecued, boiled, roasted, baked or steamed. Fried sweet foods include cubed and spiced ripe plantain (kelewele) sometimes served with peanuts. Koose made from peeled beans (and its close twin Acarajé or akara made from beans which is not peeled), maasa,[8][9] pinkaaso,[10] and bofrot/puff-puff[11] (made from wheat flour); kuli-kuli,[12] dzowey and nkate cake (made from peanuts);[13] kaklo and tatale[14] (ripe plantain fritters); kube cake and kube toffee (made from coconut); bankye krakro, gari biscuit,[15][16] and krakye ayuosu (made from cassava); condensed milk, toffee, plantain chips (or fried plantain)[17] and wagashi[18] (fried farmer's cheese) are fried Ghanaian savory foods (confectionery). Kebabs are popular barbecues and can be made from beef, goat, pork, soy flour, sausages and guinea fowl. Other roasted savoury foods include roasted plantain, maize, yam and cocoyam. Steamed fresh maize, Yakeyake, Kafa, Akyeke, tubani, moimoi (bean cake), emo dokonu (rice cake) and esikyire dokonu (sweetened kenkey) are all examples of steamed and boiled foods whilst sweet bread, (plantain cake), and meat pie similar to Jamaican patties and empanadas are baked savoury foods. Aprapransa, eto (mashed yam) and atadwe milk (tiger nut juice) are other savory foods. Gari soakings is a modern favorite. It is a blend of gari (dried, roasted cassava), sugar, groundnut (peanut) and milk. {{clear right}}BeveragesIn south Ghana, Ghanaian drinks such as asaana (made from fermented maize) are common. Along the Lake Volta and south Ghana, palm wine extracted from the palm tree can be found, but it ferments quickly and then it is used to distil akpeteshie (a local gin).Akpeteshie can be distilled from molasses too. In addition, a beverage can be made from kenkey and refrigerated into what is in Ghana known as iced kenkey. Along north Ghana, bisaab/sorrel, toose and lamujee (a spicy sweetened drink) are common non-alcoholic beverages whereas pitoo (a local beer made of fermented millet) is an alcoholic beverage. In urban areas of Ghana drinks may include fruit juice, cocoa drinks, fresh coconut water, yogurt, ice cream, carbonated drinks, malt drinks and soy milk.[19][20] In addition, Ghanaian distilleries produce alcoholic beverages from cocoa, malt, sugar cane, local medicinal herbs and tree barks. They include bitters, liqueur, dry gins, beer, and aperitifs.[21][22] Street foods in GhanaStreet food is very popular in both rural and urban areas of Ghana. Most Ghanaian families eat at least three times a week from street food vendors, from whom all kinds of foods can be bought, including staple foods such as kenkey, red red and waakye. Other savoury foods such as kebab, boiled corn cob, ballfloat (bo-float) and roasted plantain are sold mainly by street food vendors. Gallery: Common Ghanaian Dishes{{Gallery|title= |width=230 | height=170 | lines=4 |align=center |File:Grilled tilapia with banku.jpg |alt3= |Banku and grilled tilapia fish |File:Ghanaian Red-Red with Fish.jpg |alt4= |"Red-Red": bean and fish stew with fried plantain |File:Ghanaian Beans, plantain (non-sweet banana) and chicken.jpg |alt6= |Beans, plantain, and chicken |File:Shrimps and fried fingerlings also know as One Man Thousand in Ghana.jpg |alt7= |"One Man Thousand": cooked shrimp and fried Tanganyika sardine |File:Ghanaian Roast Goat cuisine dish food.jpg |alt8= |Roast goat |File:Charcoal Roasted Ripe Plantain.jpg |alt12= |Ghanaian "Kɔkɔ a y'atoto"(nickname: Kofi Broke Man) charcoal-roasted ripe plantain |File:Banku ne mako.jpg |alt13= |Ghanaian "Banku Ne Mako" (banku and pepper-tomato sauce) |File:Kokonte.jpg |alt14= |Ghanaian style konkonte |File:Ghanaian Fufuo in light (tomato) soup with goat.jpg |alt15= |Ghanaian fufu in palmnut soup with goat |File:Beans.jpg |alt16= |Ghanaian style beans with fried plantains and garri |File:Fufu and Light Soup with meat.jpg |alt17= |Fufuo and light tomato soup with meat |File:Fried yam.jpg |alt20= |Fried yam with spicy chicken and kpakpo shito (ground green peppers) |File:Jollof.jpg |alt22= |Jollof rice with coleslaw and barbecue chicken |File:Kenkey.jpg |alt23= |Kenkey with fried fish and chili pepper |File:Yam and garden egg stew.jpg |alt24= |Cooked yam and plantain, with garden egg (eggplant) stew and chicken |File:Okro stew.jpg |alt26= |Okra stew with crab |File:Akan Ghanaian style Spicy Sauce.jpg |alt29= |Ghanaian style spicy sauce |File:Akan Ghanaian style Spicy Grilled Kebab.jpg |alt32= |Ghanaian style spicy grilled kebab |File:Waakye 2.jpg |alt33= |Waakye (rice and beans) served with spaghetti and boiled egg |File:Grinded Red Pepper.jpg |alt35= |Ground red pepper, a Ghanaian delicacy, mainly an accompaniment for banku and kenkey |File:Ghanaian pepper and taro leaves (masterclass dish).jpg |alt36= |Ghanaian peppers and taro leaves }} See also{{Portal|Ghana|Food|Africa}}
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.specialtyproduce.com/produce/Bicolor_Sorghum_13168.php|title=Bicolor Sorghum|website=www.specialtyproduce.com|access-date=2018-03-22}} 2. ^BetumiBlog: Search results for fante fante{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 3. ^BetumiBlog: Search results for mpihu{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4. ^1 BetumiBlog: Search results for peanut butter soup{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 5. ^BetumiBlog: Ghanaian Gourmet-Recipe No. 49, continued: Palmnut Soup {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012125031/http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/ghanaian-gourmet-recipe-49-continued.html |date=12 October 2016 }}. Betumiblog.blogspot.com (4 November 2010). Retrieved 30 November 2011. 6. ^1 Kokoking: Food and nutrition {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005172437/http://www.kokoking.com.gh/food.php |date=5 October 2016 }}. {{cite web |url=http://www.kokoking.com.gh |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-10-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003042247/http://kokoking.com.gh/ |archivedate=3 October 2013 |df=dmy }}. Retrieved 11 October 2013. 7. ^BetumiBlog: Ghana's Tea Bread Secrets {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424065056/http://www.betumi.com/2007/03/ghanas-tea-bread-secrets-ive-probably.html |date=24 April 2016 }}. Betumi.com (5 March 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011. 8. ^Breads, Cakes and Pastries {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323011419/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-masa |date=23 March 2012 }}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011. 9. ^Snacks Maasa (Sweet Millet Fritters) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921104708/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-massa |date=21 September 2012 }}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011. 10. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20131107145213/http://www.flickr.com/photos/42267524%40N00/3922141303/in/photostream/ selling pinkaso and kose | Flickr – Photo Sharing!]. Flickr (16 September 2009). Retrieved 30 November 2011. 11. ^{{cite web|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvXOiWVAFm4 |title=Alternative Bofroat (Ghanaian Doughnuts) |accessdate=24 August 2012}} 12. ^BetumiBlog {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191931/http://www.betumi.com/2006/11/kuli-kuli-is-calling-me-to_116327607898827345.html |date=4 March 2016 }}. Betumi.com (11 November 2006). Retrieved 30 November 2011. 13. ^How To Make Ghanaian Peanut Brittle | Guide (4 Steps) « Wonder How To {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412084037/http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to-make-ghanaian-peanut-brittle-0127968/ |date=12 April 2012 }}. Wonderhowto.com (9 June 2011). Retrieved 30 November 2011. 14. ^Plantain Cakes (Tatale) Recipe from Ghana {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814135429/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-tatale |date=14 August 2011 }}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011. 15. ^Gari Biscuits Recipe from Ghana {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103014218/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-gari-biscuits |date=3 January 2012}}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011. 16. ^Food in Ghana – Ghanaian Food, Ghanaian Cuisine {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027220306/http://www.foodbycountry.com/Germany-to-Japan/Ghana.html |date=27 October 2016 }}. Foodbycountry.com. Retrieved 30 November 2011. 17. ^{{cite web|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NxJdDj5Vtc |title=How It's Made 02 Plantain Chips |accessdate=24 August 2012}} 18. ^Ghana foods {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402092340/http://bsas.org.uk/downloads/mexico/117.pdf |date=2 April 2012 }}. bsas.org.uk. 19. ^Fan Milk Limited | {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908193502/http://www.fanmilk-gh.net/ |date=8 September 2016 }}. Fanmilk-gh.net (30 June 2011). Retrieved 30 November 2011. 20. ^THE DIVESTITURE IMPLEMENTATION OF GHANA : The Divestiture Program {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202235606/http://www.dic.com.gh/div-prog/coca-cola.html |date=2 February 2012 }}. Dic.com.gh. Retrieved 30 November 2011. 21. ^Kasapreko Company Limited produces alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages – an Accra, Ghana manufacturing company {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903031159/http://www.kasaprekogh.com/cms/our-brands/brand-viewer.html |date=3 September 2011 }}. Kasaprekogh.com. Retrieved 30 November 2011. 22. ^Guinness Ghana Brewery Ltd. | Association of Alcohol Manufacturers and Importers{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. AAMI. Retrieved 30 November 2011. External links
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