| 词条 | Giant Palouse earthworm |
| 释义 |
| image = Giant Palouse earthworm.jpg | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Driloleirus | species = americanus | authority = Smith, 1897 }} The giant Palouse earthworm or Washington giant earthworm (Driloleirus americanus, meaning lily-like worm[2]) is a species of earthworm belonging to the genus Driloleirus inhabiting the Palouse region of Eastern Washington and North Idaho, in the United States. The worm was discovered in 1897 by Frank Smith near Pullman, Washington. It can burrow to a depth of {{convert|15|ft|m}}.[3] Although it had been thought to be extinct in the 1980s, recent evidence has demonstrated that the species is still living. The latest sighting included recovery of two specimens, an adult and a juvenile, which were unearthed on March 27, 2010 by scientists at the University of Idaho including Samuel James.[4] BiologyLittle is known about the giant Palouse earthworm. The worm is believed to grow up to {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length. Modern specimens, however, have been observed up to only about half that length. The worm is albino in appearance. Prior to its rediscovery in 2010, the worm was believed to give off a scent similar to that of the lily flower when handled[2] and that it was able to spit in self-defense;[3] however, the specimens captured did not exhibit these capabilities.[5] This species' native habitat consists of the bunch grass prairies of the Palouse region. The fertile soil consists of deposits of volcanic ash and rich layers of organic matter, thought to sustain the worm during dry seasons. The worm burrows deep during summer droughts and is able to conserve water in its nephridia.[2][3] ResearchIt has been described as "common" in the Palouse in the 1890s, according to an 1897 article in The American Naturalist by Frank Smith. Smith's work was based on hearsay reports and just four samples sent to him by R. W. Doane of Washington State University. There was no conclusive scientific study in the late 19th century to determine the actual abundance of the worm. A Summer 2009 project was launched by Jodi Johnson-Maynard, a University of Idaho associate professor and a soil ecologist specializing in macroinvertebrates, to find specimens.[6][7][8] Only four sightings had been confirmed (prior to the 2010 discovery) in the past 30 years, the previous most recent sighting was in 2005 by one of Johnson-Maynard's students, Yaniria Sanchez-de Leon. Funding was provided through various contracts with the Idaho Conservation Data Center in the Idaho Department of Fish and Game and in cooperation with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.[7] In 2012, two specimens were found near Paradise Ridge, south of Moscow, Idaho, one by Cass Davis (on April 13, 2012) and one by Joseph Szasz (on June 5). Both were transferred to the University of Idaho. Conservation status{{As of|2001}}, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) has considered the giant Palouse earthworm vulnerable due to loss of habitat and competition from non-native species.[1][2] In August 2006, conservationists petitioned the U.S. government to list the worm under the Endangered Species Act.[3] However, in October 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) declined to list the species as protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), citing a lack of scientific information on which to base a decision to list. This determination prompted a number of environmental organizations to sue the agency for violation of the ESA and Administrative Procedures Act in order "to ensure the vanishing giant earthworm receives the protection it deserves."[9] However, on February 12, 2009, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Washington upheld the decision of the USFWS, finding the FWS's determination "that an organization's request for listing the giant Palouse earthworm (Driloleirus americanus) (GPE) as a threatened or endangered species under the Endangered Species Act was not supported by substantial information was a reasonable determination where the organization had to rely almost entirely upon circumstantial evidence. At each point along the analytical path, whether considering the extent of the GPE's habitat, its population, or potential threats to its existence, the FWS provided a rational basis for declining to draw the inferences sought by the organization."[10]On 1 July 2009, several environmental organizations filed a new petition to again list the giant Palouse earthworm as endangered or threatened. On 26 July 2011, the FWS announced a decision in the Federal Register that it had again declined to list the worm under the Endangered Species Act as "the threats are not of sufficient imminence, intensity, or magnitude to indicate that the GPE is in danger of extinction (endangered), or likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future (threatened), throughout all of its range."[11] See also
References1. ^1 {{IUCN2006 | assessor = World Conservation Monitoring Centre | year = 1996 | id = 6828 | title = Driloleirus americanus | downloaded = 2006-05-09}} Listed as Vulnerable (VU D2 v2.3) 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Giant Palouse Earthworm |url=http://www.pacificbio.org/ESIN/OtherInvertebrates/GiantPalouseEarthworm/GiantEarthworm.html |accessdate=2006-09-09 |work=Pacific Biology Institute's Endangered Species Information Network |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629185731/http://www.pacificbio.org/ESIN/OtherInvertebrates/GiantPalouseEarthworm/GiantEarthworm.html |archivedate=2006-06-29 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |title=Giant worm is stuff of legends and must be saved, group says |author=Geranios, Nicholas K. |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003249318_webgiantworm08.html |date=2006-09-08 |accessdate=2006-09-09 |work=Seattle Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225100327/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003249318_webgiantworm08.html |archivedate=2007-02-25 |df= }} 4. ^"APNewsBreak: Idaho Scientists Find Fabled Worm," The New York Times, April 27, 2010. 5. ^{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011717278_apusgiantpalouseearthworm3rdldwritethru.html |title=Idaho scientists find fabled worm |publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=2010-04-27 |first=Nicholas K. |last=Geranios |date=2010-04-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430225859/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011717278_apusgiantpalouseearthworm3rdldwritethru.html |archivedate=2010-04-30 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003996233_giantworm06m.html |title=If it's a giant earthworm, why is it hard to find? |publisher=Seattle Times |date=2007-11-06 |first=Sandi |last=Doughton |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412083802/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003996233_giantworm06m.html |archivedate=2009-04-12 |df= }} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://news.ag.uidaho.edu:591/News/FMPro?-db=AgNews&-lay=generic&-format=story.htm&NewStoryID=958&-find |date=2008-05-02 |title=Two Discoveries Add to Giant Earthworm Science in Northwest |publisher=University of Idaho |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930223221/http://news.ag.uidaho.edu:591/News/FMPro?-db=AgNews&-lay=generic&-format=story.htm&NewStoryID=958&-find |archivedate=2009-09-30 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090712/ap_on_sc/us_giant_palouse_earthworm;_ylt=AquRYF_hwf04NgyQ1t6Hh2VH2ocA;_ylu=X3oDMTE1bWJhMWU5BHBvcwM1BHNlYwN5bi1jaGFubmVsBHNsawNzZWFyY2hlcnNzaG8- |title=Searchers shovel Northwest dirt seeking giant worm |date=2009-07-07 |first=Nicholas |last=Geranio |publisher=Associated Press |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715202822/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090712/ap_on_sc/us_giant_palouse_earthworm |archivedate=2009-07-15 |df= }} 9. ^{{cite web | title = Rare Three-Foot Long, Spitting Earthworm Denied Legal Protection; Conservation Groups to File Suit | author = Center for Biological Diversity press release | url = http://www.enn.com/press_releases/2233/ | date = 2007-10-31 | accessdate = 2007-10-31 | work=Environmental News Network}} 10. ^{{cite court | litigants = Palouse Prairie Foundation v. Ken Salazar | vol = CV-08-032-FVS | court = United States District Court, Eastern District of Washington | date = 02/12/2009 | url= https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/invertebrates/giant_Palouse_earthworm/pdfs/GPE_Opinion.pdf}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=FWS-R1-ES-2010-0023-0017|title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: 12-Month Finding on Petition to List Giant Palouse Earthworm (Drilolerius americanus)|last=|first=|date=Jul 26, 2011|website=Regulations.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-13}} Further reading
External links
4 : Megascolecidae|Fauna of the Western United States|Animals described in 1897|Lazarus taxa |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。