“Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006 was taken to a referendum in Gibraltar on 30 November 2006. A coalition of groups opposing the proposal held that a majority of 60% should be required to give effect to a new Constitution, quoting other instances, but the political parties held that the result should be decided by a simple majority in favour of the new constitution. The constitution was approved by 60% of the votes anyway.

It was given effect by an Order in Council on 14 December 2006 and it came into force on 2 January 2007.^[1] According to the British government, it aimed to provide a modern and mature relationship that is not based on colonialism between Gibraltar and the United Kingdom.^[2]

Origin

In 1999, the Government of the United Kingdom invited British Dependent Territories to provide proposals for constitutional reform. A cross-party committee of the Gibraltar House of Assembly was set up to consult with interested parties and in January 2002 produced a report, which was subsequently debated and negotiated with the United Kingdom. The proposals for the reform were accepted by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office in March 2006 and then were unanimously approved in the House of Assembly in October.^[3]

Publication procedure

Once promulgated by the Queen-in-Council, the Constitution Order was published as a set of documents:

The proposed constitution had been negotiated with the British Government by a delegation representing Gibraltar, comprising the Government, the Opposition and others. The text of the proposed new Constitution had been welcomed by the House of Assembly in a motion passed unanimously with the support of both sides of the House.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

Referendum

A referendum on the proposed new constitution order was held on 30 November 2006. The motion proposed and approved was:

Response

On colonialism and modernisation of political institutions

Answering the complaints of Spanish Foreign Minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos, Jack Straw stated:

In the foreword of an explanatory leaflet issued by the Government of Gibraltar for the proposed new constitution, Chief Minister Peter Caruana said that he: {{quote|text=wholeheartedly commends [this new Constitution, which is] the culmination of many years of political effort by the Gibraltar Government, other elected members of the House representing the Opposition, and others.}}

He further added: {{quote|text=this new Constitution modernises the quality of democracy in Gibraltar (and the democratic rights of the people of Gibraltar), bringing them much closer to normal European standards, by upgrading and modernising the status, role and functions of the democratic institutions of the people of Gibraltar.^[7]}}

Caruana also stated: {{quote|text=Gibraltar has always been politically most secure when we have advanced constitutionally. This is because constitutional stagnation suggests that we are stuck in the past until we agree to things that we do not want. That is not good for Gibraltar. This Referendum is thus important for Gibraltar. The opportunity that it presents to us is unlikely to come again for a long time, if at all. Please therefore vote.^[8]}}

On independence

At the same time, the UK government, while fully supporting the right of self-determination for Gibraltarians, excluded the possibility of independence for Gibraltar, referring to the Treaty of Utrecht:^[9]

However, the UK government acknowledged that Gibraltar "does not share the view that this constraint exists and that their acceptance of this Constitution is on that basis".^[10]

Criticisms

In spite of the unanimous support from all the political parties represented in the House of Assembly, there was a significant "No" movement. The reasons were diverse, but mainly related to two aspects: while some electors could have felt that the commitment to retaining British sovereignty was not sufficiently secure, other could have believed that the new constitution were not advanced enough in allowing the exercise of the right to self-determination.^[3] The minority rights pressure group Equality Rights GGR, have called it "gravely deficient" and a "missed opportunity", for failing to fully incorporate the European Convention on Human Rights.^[11]

The Self Determination for Gibraltar Group also criticised the constitution and campaigned for a No vote in the constitutional referendum. They said in a press release that the new constitution "is not the act of self-determination which will decolonise us" and that it "is as colonial as its 1964 and 1969 predecessors."^[12]

Result

Turnout was 60.4%, the lowest at a general election or referendum for 25 years.^[14] This was much lower than the 87.9% achieved for the 2002 referendum on shared sovereignty but comparable to the 58% for the election for the European Parliament.^[15] 60.24% of votes cast were For the order, 37.75% of votes were against.

See also

References

1. ^Proclamation of the Constitution Order by the Governor of Gibraltar
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://gibraltar.gi/locals/news.php?action=view_article&article=1679|title=Gibraltar Government Press Release}}
3. ^¹{{cite book | title=Community and identity. The making of modern Gibraltar since 1704 | author=Stephen Constantine | authorlink = Stephen Constantine (historian) | publisher=Manchester University Press | isbn=978-0-7190-8054-8 | year=2009 | pages=404}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/constitution/Despatch.pdf|title=Foreign and Commonwealth Office Despatch on the Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006|publisher=gibraltarlaws.gov.gi}}
5. ^Constitution Referendum Motion {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122826/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2006/310-2006.pdf |date=27 March 2009 }} and attachment {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122829/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2006/310-2006-motion.pdf |date=27 March 2009 }}. Government of Gibraltar
6. ^Letter Form The Foreign Secretary to the Spanish Foreign Affairs Minister, March 2006.
7. ^"A new constitution for Gibraltar" Explanatory Booklet {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630225642/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/constitution/new_constitution/ConstitutionExplanatoryBooklet.pdf |date=30 June 2007 }} Government of Gibraltar
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gibfocus.gi/details_headlines.php?id=710 |title=Caruana uses explanatory leaflet to promote Yes vote |publisher=Gibfocus |accessdate=26 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004659/http://www.gibfocus.gi/details_headlines.php?id=710 |archivedate=28 September 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
9. ^Despatch. Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006, section 5
10. ^Despatch. Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006, section 6
11. ^New Constitution still 'gravely deficient'
12. ^Two-thirds majority rejected. Panorama, 31 October 2006.
13. ^{{cite book | title=Overseas Territories: seventh report of session 2007–08 | author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Foreign Affairs Committee | publisher=The Stationery Office | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-215-52147-7 | pages=24 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKFuazvvibUC&lpg=PP1&hl=es&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q=%22Leader%20of%20the%20Opposition%20in%20Gibraltar%22&f=false}}
14. ^Lowest turnout for 25 years, Panorama, 4 December 2006
15. ^European Parliament Elections 2004 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526092322/http://www.conservatives.gi/election.htm |date=26 May 2011 }}