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词条 Gliese 581
释义

  1. History of observations

  2. Characteristics

  3. Planets

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Starbox begin
| name = Gliese 581
}}{{Starbox image
| image =
| caption = Size of the Sun (left) and Gliese 581 (right).}}{{Starbox observe
| epoch = J2000.0
| constell = Libra[1]
| ra = {{RA|15|19|26.8269}}[2]
| dec = {{DEC|−07|43|20.189}}[2]
| appmag_v = 10.56 to 10.58{{refn|group=note|Gliese 581 is classified as a BY Draconis variable in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars.[2] This catalog gives a maximum magnitude of 10.56 and minimum of magnitude 10.58 for a relatively low 20 mmag (0.020 magnitudes) variability.[3] For full data see data description and {{cite web |publisher=Sternberg Astronomical Institute |url=http://www.sai.msu.su/groups/cluster/gcvs/gcvs/iii/iii.dat |title=The combined table of GCVS Vols I-III and NL 67-78 with improved coordinates, General Catalogue of Variable Stars |accessdate=2009-04-27}} }}
}}{{Starbox character
| class = M3V[4]
| b-v = 1.61[5]
| variable = BY Dra[6]{{refn|group=note|In 1994 Edward Weis concluded that Gliese 581, like half the 43 dwarf M stars he studied over a multi-year period, showed long term variability (and page 1137, Fig 1 shows Gliese 581 had magnitude 10.58 in 1982 and between 10.57 and 10.56 from 1985 to 1990).[7] Bonfils noted in 2005 that Gliese 581 "has been classified as a variable star (HO Lib), but its variability (Weis 1994) is only marginally significant. If real it would be on a time scale of several years, with short term variability being at most ∼0.006 mag."[8] Measurements by MOST showed short term variability of about 5 mmag (half a percent) over a period of a few weeks.[9]}}
}}{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = −9.5 ± 0.5[5]
| prop_mo_ra = {{val|−1221.289|0.160}}[2]
| prop_mo_dec = {{val|−97.237|0.105}}[2]
| parallax = 158.64
| p_error = 0.35
| parallax_footnote = [2]
| absmag_v = 11.6[10]
}}{{Starbox detail
| mass = 0.31[11]
| radius = {{val|0.299|0.010}}[18]
| luminosity_bolometric= 0.013[4]
| luminosity_visual = 0.002
| temperature = {{nowrap|3,480 ± 48}}[12]
| gravity = {{val|4.92|0.10}}[12]
| metal_fe = −0.33 ± 0.12[12]
| age_gyr = 7 to 11[11][13]
| rotation = {{Val|132.5|6.3|u=d}}[26]
}}{{Starbox catalog
| names = HO Librae, HO Lib, BD−07°4003, GJ 581, HIP 74995, LFT 1195, LHS 394, LPM 564, LTT 6112, NLTT 39886, TYC 5594-1093-1, Wolf 562.[5][14]
}}{{Starbox reference
|Simbad = gl+581|sn=The star
|Simbad2 = gl+581+e|sn2=e
|Simbad3 = gl+581+b|sn3=b
|Simbad4 = gl+581+c|sn4=c
|Simbad5 = gl+581+d|sn5=d
|Simbad6 = gl+581+f|sn6=f (artifact)
|Simbad7 = gl+581+g|sn7=g
}}{{Starbox end}}

Gliese 581 ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|l|iː|z|ə}}) is a star of spectral type M3V (a red dwarf) at the center of the Gliese 581 planetary system, about 20 light years away from Earth in the Libra constellation. Its estimated mass is about a third of that of the Sun, and it is the 89th closest known star to the Sun.

History of observations

Gliese 581 is known at least from 1886, when it was included in Eduard Schönfeld's Southern {{lang|de|Durchmusterung}} (SD)—the fourth part of the {{lang|de|Bonner Durchmusterung}}. The corresponding designation is BD -7 4003.[15]

Characteristics

The name Gliese 581 refers to the catalog number from the 1957 survey Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars of 965 stars located within 20 parsecs of the Earth. Other names of this star include BD-07° 4003 (BD catalogue, first known publication) and HO Librae (variable star designation). It does not have an individual name such as Sirius or Procyon.[5][14] The star is a red dwarf with spectral type M3V, located 20.4 light-years away from Earth. It is located about two degrees north of Beta Librae, the brightest star in the Libra constellation. Its mass is estimated to be approximately a third that of the Sun, and it is the 89th closest known star system to the Sun.[32]

An M-class dwarf star such as Gliese 581 has a much lower mass than the Sun, causing the core region of the star to fuse hydrogen at a significantly lower rate. From the apparent magnitude and distance, astronomers have estimated an effective temperature of 3200 K and a visual luminosity of 0.2% of that of the Sun.[16] However, a red dwarf such as Gliese 581 radiates primarily in the near infrared, with peak emission at a wavelength of roughly 830 nm (estimated using Wien's displacement law, which assumes the star radiates as a black body), so such an estimate will underestimate the star's total luminosity.[4] (For comparison, the peak emission of the Sun is roughly 530 nm, in the middle of the visible part of the spectrum.) When radiation over the entire spectrum is taken into account (not just the part that humans are able to see), something known as the bolometric correction, this star has a bolometric luminosity 1.3% of the Sun's total luminosity.[4][16] A planet would need to be situated much closer to this star in order to receive a comparable amount of energy as the Earth. The region of space around a star where a planet would receive roughly the same energy as the Earth is sometimes termed the "Goldilocks Zone", or, more prosaically, the habitable zone. The extent of such a zone is not fixed and is highly specific for each planetary system.[17] Gliese 581 is a very old star. Its slow rotation makes it very inactive, making it better suited than most red dwarfs for having habitable planets.[18]

Gliese 581 is classified as a variable star of the BY Draconis type, and has been given the variable star designation HO Librae. This is a star that exhibits variability because of the presence of star spots combined with the rotation of the star. However, the measured variability is close to the margin of error, and, if real, is most likely a long term variability.[4] Its brightness is stable to 1%.[19] Gliese 581 emits X-rays.[20]

Planets

{{main|Gliese 581 planetary system}}{{Orbitbox planet begin
| table_ref = [21]
}}{{Orbitbox planet
| exoplanet = e
| mass_earth = ≥1.7 ± 0.2
| semimajor = 0.02815 ± 0.00006
| period = 3.1490 ± 0.0002
| eccentricity = 0.00-0.06
}}{{Orbitbox planet
| exoplanet = b
| mass_earth = ≥15.8 ± 0.3
| semimajor = 0.04061 ± 0.00003
| period = 5.3686 ± 0.0001
| eccentricity = 0.00-0.03
}}{{Orbitbox planet
| exoplanet = c
| mass_earth = ≥5.5 ± 0.3
| semimajor = 0.0721 ± 0.0003
| period = 12.914 ± 0.002
| eccentricity = 0.00-0.06
}}{{OrbitboxPlanet hypothetical
| exoplanet = g
| mass_earth = ≥2.2
| semimajor = 0.13
| period = 32
| eccentricity = 0.00
}}{{OrbitboxPlanet hypothetical
| exoplanet = d[22]
| mass_earth = 6.98 ± 0.3
| semimajor = 0.21847 ± 0.00028
| period = 66.87 ± 0.13
| eccentricity = 0.00-0.25
}}{{OrbitboxPlanet hypothetical
| exoplanet = f
| mass_earth = 7
| semimajor = 0.758
| period = 433
| eccentricity = 0.0
}}{{OrbitboxPlanet disk
| disk = Debris disk[23]
| periapsis = 25 ± 12 AU
| apoapsis = >60
| inclination = 30° – 70
}}{{Orbitbox end}}

See also

  • Habitability of red dwarf systems
  • List of extrasolar planets
  • Gliese 876

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Yvette|title=NASA and NSF-Funded Research Finds First Potentially Habitable Exoplanet|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/gliese_581_feature.html|website=nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|accessdate=9 June 2016}}
2. ^{{cite journal |last=Lopez-Morales |first=M. |display-authors=etal |date=2006 |title=Limits to Transits of the Neptune-mass planet orbiting Gl 581 |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=118 |pages=1506–1509 |doi=10.1086/508904 |quote=V* HO Lib … BY Draconis |arxiv=astro-ph/0609255 |bibcode=2006PASP..118.1506L |issue=849}} (page 2 of pre-print submitted 9 September 2006)
3. ^{{cite web |publisher=Sternberg Astronomical Institute |title=General Catalogue of Variable Stars Query results |url=http://www.sai.msu.su/groups/cluster/gcvs/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=HO+Lib |accessdate=2009-04-27}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |last=Bonfils |first=X. |display-authors=etal |date=2005 |title=The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets VI: A Neptune-mass planet around the nearby M dwarf Gl 581 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters |volume=443 |pages=L15–L18 |bibcode=2005A&A...443L..15B |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200500193 |arxiv=astro-ph/0509211 |issue=3 }}
5. ^1 2 3 {{ cite simbad | title=GJ 581 | accessdate=2008-08-21 }}
6. ^{{cite journal|bibcode=2009yCat....102025S|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007–2013)|journal=VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Originally published in: 2009yCat....102025S|volume=1|display-authors=etal|author1=Samus|first1=N. N.|last2=Durlevich|first2=O. V.|year=2009}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last=Weis |first=E. W. |date=1994 |title=Long term variability in dwarf M stars |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=1138 |bibcode=1994AJ....107.1135W |doi=10.1086/116925 }}
8. ^Bonfils page L15
9. ^{{cite web |last= Matthews |first=J. M. |display-authors=etal |date=2007 |title=MOST Exoplanet System Photometry |url=http://nexsci.caltech.edu/workshop/2007/Matthews.pdf |pages=80 |accessdate=2009-04-27 |format=PDF }}
10. ^From apparent magnitude and parallax.
11. ^1 {{cite web |title=Star: Gliese 581 |url=http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=Gl+581 |publisher=Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia |quote=Mass 0.31 MSun, Age {{val|8|+3|-1}} Gyr |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68uUsn7yC?url=http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=Gl+581 |archivedate=4 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
12. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Bean |first=J. L |last2=Benedict |first2=G. F. |last3=Endl |first3=M. |date=2006 |title=Metallicities of M Dwarf Planet Hosts from Spectral Synthesis |journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=653 | issue=1 | pages=L65–L68 |bibcode=2006ApJ...653L..65B |doi=10.1086/510527|arxiv = astro-ph/0611060 }}
13. ^Selsis 3.4-page 1382 "lower limit of the age that, considering the associated uncertainties, could be around 7 Gyr", "preliminary estimate", "should not be above 10–11 Gyr"
14. ^1 {{cite web |title=Entry 5594-1093-1 |url=http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=I/239/tyc_main&recno=585779 |work=The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues |publisher=Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg |id=ID I/239 }}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=I/119&zone=-7&num=4003 |title=BD -7 4003 |work=Southern Durchmusterung |last=Schönfeld |first=Eduard |year=1886 |display-authors=etal }}
16. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Udry |first=S |display-authors=etal |date=2007 |title=The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XI: Super-Earths (5 and 8 M⊕) in a 3-planet system |url=http://obswww.unige.ch/~udry/udry_preprint.pdf |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters |volume=469 |issue=3 |pages=L43–L47 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077612|bibcode=2007A&A...469L..43U |arxiv=0704.3841 |format=PDF }}
17. ^{{cite journal |last=Selsis |first=F. |display-authors=etal |date=2007 |title=Habitable planets around the star Gl 581? |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=476 |issue=3 |pages=1373–1387 |bibcode=2007A&A...476.1373S |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078091 |arxiv=0710.5294 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00182743 }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://hpf.psu.edu/2014/07/03/gliese-581/|title=Gliese 581 and the Stellar Activity Problem|date=3 July 2014|publisher=}}
19. ^{{cite journal |last=Dragomir |first=D. |display-authors=etal |date=2012 |title=A Search for Transits of GJ 581e and Characterization of the Host Star Variability Using MOST Space Telescope Photometry |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=759 |issue=1 |pages=2f |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/2 |arxiv=1211.0577 |bibcode=2012ApJ...759....2D }}
20. ^{{cite journal |last=Schmitt |first=J. H. M. M |last2=Fleming |first2=T. A |last3=Giampapa |first3=M. S. |date=1995 |title=The X-Ray View of the Low-Mass Stars in the Solar Neighborhood |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=450 |issue=9 |pages=392–400 |bibcode=1995ApJ...450..392S |doi=10.1086/176149 }}
21. ^{{cite journal |last=Robertson |first=Paul |last2=Mahadevan |first2=Suvrath |last3=Endl |first3=Michael |last4=Roy |first4=Arpita |title=Stellar activity masquerading as planets in the habitable zone of the M dwarf Gliese 581 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/07/02/science.1253253.abstract |journal=Science |date=3 July 2014 |doi=10.1126/science.1253253 |accessdate=8 July 2014 |arxiv=1407.1049 |bibcode=2014Sci...345..440R |volume=345 |issue=6195 |pages=440–444 }}
22. ^{{cite news |title=Reanalysis of data suggests ‘habitable’ planet GJ 581d really could exist |url=http://astronomynow.com/2015/03/09/reanalysis-of-data-suggests-habitable-planet-gj581d-really-does-exist/ |date=9 March 2015 |work=Astronomy Now |accessdate=27 May 2015 }}
23. ^{{Cite journal |arxiv=1211.4898 |title=A DEBRIS Disk Around The Planet Hosting M-star GJ581 Spatially Resolved with Herschel |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=2012 |author=J.-F. Lestrade|display-authors=etal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220325 |bibcode=2012A&A...548A..86L |volume=548 |pages=A86 }}
24. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal | title=Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties | url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2016/11/aa29512-16/aa29512-16.html | last1=Brown | first1=A. G. A. | last2=Vallenari | first2=A. | last3=Prusti | first3=T. | last4=De Bruijne | first4=J. H. J. | last5=Mignard | first5=F. | last6=Drimmel | first6=R. | last7=Babusiaux | first7=C. | last8=Bailer-Jones | first8=C. A. L. | last9=Bastian | first9=U. | last10=Biermann | first10=M. | last11=Evans | first11=D. W. | last12=Eyer | first12=L. | last13=Jansen | first13=F. | last14=Jordi | first14=C. | last15=Katz | first15=D. | last16=Klioner | first16=S. A. | last17=Lammers | first17=U. | last18=Lindegren | first18=L. | last19=Luri | first19=X. | last20=o'Mullane | first20=W. | last21=Panem | first21=C. | last22=Pourbaix | first22=D. | last23=Randich | first23=S. | last24=Sartoretti | first24=P. | last25=Siddiqui | first25=H. I. | last26=Soubiran | first26=C. | last27=Valette | first27=V. | last28=Van Leeuwen | first28=F. | last29=Walton | first29=N. A. | last30=Aerts | first30=C. | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=595 | pages= | at=A2 | year=2016 | arxiv=1609.04172 | bibcode=2016A&A...595A...2G | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201629512 }}Gaia Data Release 1 catalog entry
25. ^1 {{cite web | date=1 January 2009 | title=The One Hundred Nearest Star Systems | url=http://www.astro.gsu.edu/~thenry/RECONS/TOP100.posted.htm | publisher=Research Consortium On Nearby Stars, Georgia State University | accessdate=2010-06-04 }}
26. ^1 {{cite journal | title=Astrophysical Parameters and Habitable Zone of the Exoplanet Hosting Star GJ 581 | url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2041-8205/729/2/L26/meta | last1=von Braun | first1=Kaspar | last2=Boyajian | first2=Tabetha S. | last3=Kane | first3=Stephen R. | last4=van Belle | first4=Gerard T. | last5=Ciardi | first5=David R. | last6=López-Morales | first6=Mercedes | last7=McAlister | first7=Harold A. | last8=Henry | first8=Todd J. | last9=Jao | first9=Wei-Chun | last10=Riedel | first10=Adric R. | last11=Subasavage | first11=John P. | last12=Schaefer | first12=Gail | last13=ten Brummelaar | first13=Theo A. | last14=Ridgway | first14=Stephen | last15=Sturmann | first15=Laszlo | last16=Sturmann | first16=Judit | last17=Mazingue | first17=Jude | last18=Turner | first18=Nils H. | last19=Farrington | first19=Chris | last20=Goldfinger | first20=P. J. | last21=Boden | first21=Andrew F. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=729 | issue=2 | pages= | at=L26 | year=2011 | arxiv=1102.0237 | bibcode=2011ApJ...729L..26V | doi=10.1088/2041-8205/729/2/L26 }}
27. ^1 {{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Suárez Mascareño | first1=A. | last2=Rebolo | first2=R. | last3=González Hernández | first3=J. I. | last4=Esposito | first4=M. | title=Rotation periods of late-type dwarf stars from time series high-resolution spectroscopy of chromospheric indicators | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=452 | issue=3 | pages=2745–2756 | date=September 2015 | doi=10.1093/mnras/stv1441 | bibcode=2015MNRAS.452.2745S | arxiv=1506.08039 | postscript=. }}
{{clear}}

References

{{reflist|refs=[24][25][26][27]
}}

External links

{{wikinews2|First earthlike planet outside solar system discovered|Discovery of smallest exoplanet yields 'extraordinary' find}}{{Commons category|Gliese 581}}
  • Major Discovery: New Planet Could Harbor Water and Life Space.com
  • Gliese 581 / HO Librae Solstation.com
  • [https://www.webcitation.org/68uUsn7yC?url=http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=Gl+581 Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia: Gl 581]
  • AstronomyCast: Gliese 581
  • SETI Range Calculator
  • All Wet? Astronomers Claim Discovery of Earth-like Planet, Scientific American
  • Position of Gliese 581 marked on local space (Top right corner)
  • Photo of Constellation Libra with Gliese 581
  • Artist conceptions of planets of Gliese 581
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070617225754/http://gnews.wustl.edu/gn131/gliese581c.htm Speculation about geology/geochemistry of Gliese 581c] The Geochemical Society
  • Computer models suggest planetary and extrasolar planet atmospheres – A gas, gas, gas Washington University in St. Louis
  • Extrasolar Planet Interactions by Rory Barnes & Richard Greenberg, Lunar and Planetary Lab, University of Arizona
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023075235/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070424/new_planet_070424/20070424?hub=SciTech Earth-like planet found that may support life] Ctv.ca
  • Gliese 581 – The "Red Dwarf" and implications for its "earthlike" planet Gliese 581c
  • Earth's Twin Discovered?
{{Gliese 581}}{{Stars of Libra}}{{Extraterrestrial life}}{{Sky|15|19|26|-|07|43|20|20.3}}{{Good article}}

8 : Gliese 581|Gliese and GJ objects|Hipparcos objects|M-type main-sequence stars|BY Draconis variables|Objects with variable star designations|Durchmusterung objects|Libra (constellation)
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