“Godzilla (franchise)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The first film, Godzilla, was directed by Ishirō Honda and released by Toho in 1954 and became an influential classic of the genre. It featured political and social undertones relevant to Japan at the time. The original introduced an acclaimed music score by Akira Ifukube, which was reused in many of the later films. The original also introduced the work of special effects master Eiji Tsuburaya, who used miniatures and "suitmation" to convey the large scale of the monster and its destruction. For its North American release, the film was reworked as an adaptation and released in 1956 as Godzilla, King of the Monsters!. The adaptation featured new footage with Raymond Burr edited together with the original Japanese footage.

Toho was inspired to make the original Godzilla after the commercial success of the 1952 re-release of King Kong and success of The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (1953). The success of the Godzilla series itself would go on to inspire other monster films worldwide. The popularity of the films has led to the franchise expanding to other media, such as television, music, literature and video games. Godzilla has been one of the most recognizable symbols in Japanese pop culture worldwide, remains a well-known facet of Japanese films and was one of the first examples of the popular kaiju and tokusatsu subgenres in Japanese entertainment.

The tone and themes vary per film. Several of the films have political themes, others have dark tones, complex internal mythology, or are simple action movies featuring aliens or other monsters, while others have simpler themes accessible to children.{{sfn|Kalat|2007|pp=1–5}} Godzilla's role varies from purely a destructive force to an ally of humans, or a protector of Japanese values, or a hero to children. The name Godzilla is a romanization of the original Japanese name Gojira—which is a combination of two Japanese words: gorira (ゴリラ), "gorilla", and kujira (クジラ), "whale". The word alludes to the size, power and aquatic origin of Godzilla. As developed by Toho, the monster is an offshoot of the combination of radioactivity and ancient dinosaur-like creatures, indestructible and possessing special powers (see Godzilla characteristics).

History

The Godzilla film series is broken into several (different) eras reflecting a characteristic style and corresponding to the same eras used to classify all kaiju eiga (monster movies) in Japan. The first two eras refer to the Japanese emperor during production: the Shōwa era and the Heisei era. The third is called the Millennium era as the emperor (Heisei) is the same but these films are considered to have a different style and storyline than the Heisei era.

Over the series history, the films have reflected the social and political climate in Japan.{{sfn|Kalat|2007|p=240}} In the original film, Godzilla was an allegory for the effects of the hydrogen bomb, and the consequences that such weapons might have on Earth.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] The radioactive contamination of the Japanese fishing boat Lucky Dragon No. 5 through the United States' Castle Bravo thermonuclear device test on Bikini Atoll on March 1, 1954, led to much press coverage in Japan preceding the release of the first movie in 1954. The Heisei and Millennium series have largely continued this concept.

Shōwa period (1954–1975)

The initial series of movies is named for the Shōwa period in Japan (as all of these films were produced before the "Shōwa Emperor" Hirohito's death in 1989).{{sfn|Solomon|2017|p=29}} This Shōwa timeline spanned from 1954, with Godzilla, to 1975, with Terror of Mechagodzilla. With the exceptions of Godzilla, Godzilla Raids Again, Mothra vs. Godzilla and Terror of Mechagodzilla, much of the Shōwa series monster-action was intentionally made comical and laughable for children, with Godzilla frequently engaged in clownish slapstick wrestling with other monsters. Starting with Ghidorah the Three-Headed Monster, Godzilla began evolving into a friendlier, more playful antihero (this transition was complete by Son of Godzilla, where it is shown as a good character) and, as years went by, it evolved into an anthropomorphic superhero. Ghidorah the Three-Headed Monster was also significant for introducing Godzilla's archenemy and the main antagonist of the film series, King Ghidorah. The films Son of Godzilla and All Monsters Attack were aimed at youthful audiences, featuring the appearance of Godzilla's son, Minilla. Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla was notable for introducing Godzilla's robot duplicate and an antagonist of the film series, Mechagodzilla. The Shōwa period tied loosely in to a number of Toho-produced films in which Godzilla himself did not appear and consequently saw the addition of many monsters into the Godzilla continuity, three of which (Rodan, Mothra and Varan) originated in their own solo movies and another five (Anguirus, Kumonga, Manda, Gorosaurus and Baragon) appeared in their first films as either antagonistic or secondary characters.

Haruo Nakajima mainly portrayed Godzilla since 1954 until his retirement in 1972. However, other stunt actors portrayed the character in his absence, such as Katsumi Tezuka, Yū Sekida, Ryosaku Takasugi, Seiji Onaka, Shinji Takagi, Isao Zushi, and Toru Kawai.^[6]^[7] Eiji Tsuburaya directed the special effects for the first six films of the series. His protege Sadamasa Arikawa took over the effects work for the next three films (with Tsuburaya supervising), while Teruyoshi Nakano directed the special effects for the last six films of the series.

Heisei period (1984–1995)

Toho rebooted the series in 1984 with The Return of Godzilla, starting the second era of Godzilla films, known as the Heisei series.{{sfn|Solomon|2017|p=145}} The Return of Godzilla serves as a direct sequel to the original 1954 film and ignores the subsequent events of the Showa era. The Return of Godzilla was released in 1984, five years before the new Emperor, but is considered part of this era, as it is a direct predecessor to Godzilla vs. Biollante (1989), which came out in the first year of the new Emperor's reign.{{sfn|Lees|Cerasini|1998|p=12}}

The Heisei films are set in a single timeline, with each film providing continuity to the other films, and brings Godzilla back as a destructive force of nature that is feared by humans.{{sfn|Solomon|2017|p=145}} The biological nature and science behind Godzilla became a much more discussed issue in the films, showing the increased focus on the moral aspects of genetics. Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah gave the first concrete birth story for Godzilla, featuring a "Godzillasaurus" dinosaur-like creature that was mutated by nuclear radiation into Godzilla. Godzilla was portrayed by Kenpachiro Satsuma for the Heisei films while the special effects were directed by Koichi Kawakita, with the exception of The Return of Godzilla, for which the effects were directed by Teruyoshi Nakano.

Millennium period (1999–2004)

Toho rebooted the franchise for a second time with the 1999 film Millennium starting the third era of Godzilla films, known as the Millennium series. The Millennium series is treated similarly to an anthology series where each film, with the exception of Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla and Tokyo S.O.S. (which are a series all their own), is set in its own timeline and follows-up on the events of the original 1954 film, but ignores the events of the Shōwa and Heisei eras.

After the release of 2004's Final Wars, marking the 50th anniversary of the Godzilla film franchise, Toho decided to put the series on hiatus for another 10 years. Toho also demolished the water stage on its lot used in numerous Godzilla, kaiju and tokusatsu films.^[8] Yoshimitsu Banno, who had directed 1971's Godzilla vs. Hedorah, secured the rights from Toho to make an IMAX 3D short film production, based on a story similar to his Hedorah film. This project eventually led to the development of Legendary's Godzilla.

Tsutomu Kitagawa portrayed Godzilla for the majority of the Millennium films, with the exception of Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, in which Godzilla was portrayed by Mizuho Yoshida. Unlike the Showa and later Heisei films, the special effects for the Millennium films were directed by multiple effects directors such as Kenji Suzuki (Godzilla 2000, Godzilla vs. Megaguirus), Makoto Kamiya (Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack), Yuichi Kikuchi (Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla), and Eiichi Asada (Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S., Godzilla: Final Wars).

Post-millennium period (2016–2018)

In December 2014, Toho announced plans for a new Godzilla film of their own for a 2016 release.^[9] The film is intended to be Toho's own reboot of the Godzilla franchise and is co-directed by Hideaki Anno and Shinji Higuchi (both who collaborated on the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion), with the screenplay written by Anno and the special effects directed by Higuchi.^[10]^[11]^[12] Principal photography began on September and ended in October with the special effects work following in November that year.^[13]^[14] Shin Godzilla was released in Japan on July 29, 2016 in IMAX, 4DX, and MX4D to positive reviews and was a box office success.^[15]

In August 2016, Toho announced plans for a trilogy of anime Godzilla films with Polygon Pictures animating the films and Netflix distributing the trilogy worldwide, except in Japan where each film will be given a theatrical release by Toho.^[16]^[17] The first film, titled Planet of the Monsters, was released on November 17, 2017.^[18] The second film, titled City on the Edge of Battle, was released on May 18, 2018.^[19] The third and final film in the trilogy, titled The Planet Eater, was released on November 9, 2018.^[20]

In January 2018, Toho announced its plans to invest 15,000,000,000 yen ($135,000,000) for the next three years beginning in 2019 to co-produce content with Hollywood and Chinese studios who have licensed Toho's properties, such as Godzilla, Your Name and Pokémon. Toho will invest 25% in production costs and will earn a higher share in revenue and manage creators rights, so their creative input will be shown in each work.^[21]

In May 2018, Toho’s Chief Godzilla Officer Keiji Ota revealed that a sequel to Shin Godzilla will not happen, but revealed plans for a "World of Godzilla", a shared cinematic universe between Godzilla and other Toho monsters after 2021. Ota cited the Marvel Cinematic Universe as an influence, with plans to release a new film every one to two years.^[22] Ota stated:

American productions

In 1956, Jewell Enterprises Inc., licensed Godzilla and produced an "Americanized"{{efn|^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]}} version of the film called Godzilla, King of the Monsters!. The film utilized a majority of the footage from the Japanese original but a majority of the political themes and social commentaries were removed, resulting in 30 minutes of footage from the Japanese original replaced with new scenes shot exclusively for the film featuring Raymond Burr interacting with Japanese actors and look-alikes to make it seem like Burr was a part of the original Japanese production. In addition, sound-effects and soundtracks were tweaked and some dialogue was dubbed into English. Similar "Americanizations" occurred for the North American releases of King Kong vs. Godzilla and Godzilla 1985, the latter which included Burr reprising the role of American journalist Steve Martin.

In 1957, producer Harry Rybnick attempted to produce a Hollywood-made alteration of Godzilla Raids Again titled The Volcano Monsters, using some of the Japanese footage from the former to make a totally different film; however, funding from AB-PT Pictures collapsed after the company closed down and Godzilla Raids Again was instead dubbed in English and released in 1959 by Warner Bros. as Gigantis the Fire Monster.^[29]

In 1965, Toho co-produced Invasion of Astro-Monster with American studio UPA, marking the first time a Godzilla film was co-produced with an American studio.

In the 1980s, filmmaker Steve Miner pitched his idea for an American 3D production of Godzilla to Toho, with story boards by William Stout and a script written by Fred Dekker, titled King of the Monsters in 3D which featured Godzilla destroying San Francisco in an attempt to find its only offspring.^[30] Various studios and producers showed interest in the project but passed it over due to high budget concerns.^[31] The film would have featured a full scale animatronic Godzilla head built by Rick Baker, stop motion animation executed by David W. Allen, additional storyboards by Doug Wildey, an articulated stop motion Godzilla figure created by Stephen Czerkas and the production design overseen by William Stout.^[32]^[33]

TriStar Pictures (1998)

In October 1992, TriStar Pictures acquired the rights from Toho with plans to produce a trilogy.^[34] Director Jan de Bont and writers Terry Rossio and Ted Eliott developed a script that had Godzilla battling a shape-shifting alien called "the Gryphon". De Bont later left the project after budget disagreements with the studio.^[35] Roland Emmerich was hired to direct and co-write a new script with producer Dean Devlin.

Legendary Pictures (2014–present)

In 2004, director Yoshimitsu Banno acquired permission from Toho to produce a short IMAX Godzilla film. In 2009, the project was turned over to Legendary Pictures to be redeveloped as a feature film reboot.^[43]^[44]^[45] Announced in March 2010, the film was co-produced with Warner Bros. Pictures and was directed by Gareth Edwards.^[46]^[47]

Filmography

From 1954 through 2018, there have been 32 Godzilla films produced by Toho in Japan. There have been several American productions: adaptations including Godzilla, King of the Monsters!, King Kong vs. Godzilla and Godzilla 1985, and three Hollywood productions: Godzilla (1998) produced by TriStar Pictures, and Godzilla (2014) and Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019) produced by Legendary Entertainment in partnership with Warner Bros. Pictures.

Toho productions

American adaptations of Toho productions

American productions

Cozzilla

In 1976, Italian director Luigi Cozzi intended to re-release Godzilla in Italy. Facing resistance from exhibitors to showing a black-and-white film, Cozzi instead licensed a negative of Godzilla, King of the Monsters from Toho and created a new movie in color, adding lots of stock footage of graphic death and destruction and short scenes from newsreel footage from World War II, which he released as Godzilla in 1977. The film was colorized using a process called Spectrorama 70, where color gels are put on the original black-and-white film, becoming one of the first black-and-white movies to be colorized. Dialogue was dubbed into Italian and new music was added. After the initial Italian run, the negative became Toho's property and prints have only been exhibited in Italy from that time on. Italian firm Yamato Video at one time intended to release the colorized version on a double DVD along with the original Godzilla.^[61]{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|pp=207}}{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|pp=208}}

Guest appearances

In 2007, a CGI Godzilla appeared in the Toho slice of life movie Always Zoku Sanchōme no Yūhi (Always: Sunset on Third Street 2). In an imaginary sequence, Godzilla destroys part of 1959 Tokyo, with one of the main protagonists getting angry that Godzilla damaged his car showroom. The making of the sequence was kept a secret. Godzilla has been referenced and has briefly appeared in several other films.^[62]^[63] Godzilla guest starred in the show Crayon Shin-chan as an antagonist.^[64] Godzilla also appears in cave paintings (alongside Rodan, Mothra and King Ghidorah) in a post-credits scene in Skull Island.

Box office and reception

Box office performance

Below is a chart listing the number of tickets sold for each Godzilla film in Japan including the imported Hollywood films, along with their gross revenue in Japan and outside of Japan. The films are listed from the most attended to the least attended. Almost all of the 1960s films were reissued, so the lifetime number of tickets sold is listed with the initial release ticket numbers mentioned in notes.

The first 13 films, from Godzilla (1954) to Godzilla vs. Megalon (1973), had collectively grossed more than {{US$|260,000,000|long=no}} worldwide, including over {{US$|130,000,000|long=no}} in Japan and over {{US$|130,000,000|long=no}} outside of Japan^[65] (equivalent to around {{US$|2,000,000,000{{ndash}}5,000,000,000|long=no}} adjusted for inflation).^[66] Godzilla films grossed at least {{US$|20,000,000|long=no}} each in the 1970s.^[67]

By 2016, Toho's Godzilla film series (excluding Hollywood productions) had sold more than 100,000,000 tickets at the Japanese box office.^[68]^[69] It was the highest-grossing film series in Japan, up until it was surpassed by the anime film series Doraemon in 2013.^[70]

Critical reception

Other media

Television

In Japan, Godzilla appeared in five out of the 26 episodes of Toho's live-action television program Zone Fighter in 1973. Also in Japan, Godzilla (along with a plethora of other kaiju) appeared in an animated toy show called Godzilla Island that ran from 1997–1998.

Between 1994 and 1996, four 30-minute episode OVA's were created, featuring Godzilla and various other kaiju from the Showa series of movies. The characters were depicted in a cute and friendly 'chibi'-esque anime style. The series of OVA's was titled Godzilland (ゴジランド Gojirando) and was aimed at primary school age children. This series featured Godzilla, Gojirin (a pink female version of Godzilla), Minilla (here named Godzilla Junior), Mothra (and two Mothra larvae), King Ghidorah, Gigan, Hedorah (who is depicted as female in this adaptation), Moguera, Rodan, Baragon, Mechagodzilla, Anguirus and Ebirah. Godzilland was conceived initially to sell merchandise for the Godzilla franchise. The depictions of Godzilla and the various other kaiju were featured on stickers, toys, cards and board games.

The educational media company Gakken and the film studio Toho collaborated together to release two additional direct-to-video shorts of Godzilland which were both called Recommend! Godzilland (すすめ！ゴジランド Susume! Gojirando) in 1994. The main purpose of the first of the two video shorts was teaching Japanese children how to write in Hiragana (すすめ!ゴジランド～ひらがな – Susume! Gojirando ~ Hi-ra ga na) and the other was intended to teach Japanese children how to count. ( すすめ!ゴジランド～かず1・2・3 – Susume! Gojirando ~ kazu 1 2 3). Both specials featured all the characters who were in the Godzilland TV anime series. Two other TV specials were released two years later by the same company, but had different educational topics. These two specials were centered around math. The first of these two specials was called "すすめ！ゴジランド-ゴジラとあそぼうたしざん – Susume! Gojirando – Gojira to asobouta shizan and the second was titled "すすめ！ゴジランドゴジラとあそぼうひきざん – Susume! Gojirando Gojira to asobou hiki zan. These two specials centered around addition and subtraction. The episodes of Recommend! Godzilland were directed by Seinosuke Tanaka and Osamu Nakayama. Hi-ra ga na and kazu 1 2 3 were the only two episodes to use both cel animation and digital ink and paint animation, but Gojira to asobouta shizan and Gojira to asobou hiki zan were the only episodes to fully use digital ink and paint animation. Godzilland also included live action segments, which featured a human girl and an actor in a Godzilla suit. The segments would consist of Godzilla telling the girl about his childhood adventures.

The success of the Godzilla franchise has spawned two American Saturday morning cartoon TV series: the first one is the collaboration series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and co-produced by Toho, Godzilla, and the second one is the series produced by Sony Pictures Television, The Series, a cartoon sequel to the 1998 film. Both series feature a scientific investigative team who call upon Godzilla as an ally, as well as making several homages to the Shōwa films. Several antagonist monsters in both series have been inspired by extant Toho creations.

In 1991, two Godzilla films, Godzilla vs. Megalon and Godzilla versus the Sea Monster, were shown on the movie-mocking TV show Mystery Science Theater 3000.

A parody creature resembling Godzilla, alongside another parody character resembling what appears to be a hybrid between Ultraman and Kamen Rider, appears in the television special Olive, the Other Reindeer during the song "Merry Christmas After All", during part of which Olive, Santa and the other reindeer are shown passing through Tokyo delivering gifts. The two characters are shown to be friendly and taking part in the song and dance routine shown to include numerous figures, both real and fictional, in the show in various locations visited by the team as they make Santa's annual trip around the world.

Godzilla made an appearance in a Nike commercial in which Godzilla (this version was created at ILM) went one-on-one in an oversized basketball game with a giant version of the NBA star Charles Barkley.

Godzilla has been referenced multiple times in the American animated TV sitcom The Simpsons. Godzilla first appeared in the episode "Lisa on Ice" when Lisa imagines herself on Monster Island and is chased by various kaiju, including Godzilla. It has also been referenced in "Treehouse of Horror VI", "Mayored to the Mob" (where Godzilla can be seen signing autographs at Bi-Mon-Sci-Fi-Con), "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo" (in which the plane carrying the Simpson family is being attacked by Godzilla, Rodan, Mothra and Gamera), "Simpsons Tall Tales", "Treehouse of Horror XVI", "Homerazzi", "Wedding for Disaster", "The Real Housewives of Fat Tony", "Treehouse of Horror XXIV" and "Treehouse of Horror XXVI".

Video games

A game called Gojira-kun (which was originally going to be titled Gojiraland)^[147] was released for the MSX in 1985. The art style is similar to the style used in the Godzilland OVA's. In 1990, Gojira-kun: Kaijū Daikōshin was released for the Game Boy. It featured sprites that were similar to the ones used in Gojira-kun. The game included cut scenes that depicted a different style to the rest of the game. In 1993, Super Godzilla 's Bagan, a newly created Toho-approved creation (which had previously been intended for appearances in several Toho films that were never made), was released for the SNES and featured original monsters that were video game-only kaiju in a former film/movie.

In 2007, Unleashed, featuring Krystalak and Obsidius, two newly created Toho-approved creations, was released for the Wii and DS and featured original monsters that were video game-only kaiju. Legendary's Godzilla was featured as a playable character in Bandai Namco's 2014 video game Godzilla as "Hollywood Godzilla".^[148] The widely popular video game Pokémon has made multiple references to Godzilla. The Dark/Rock type Pokémon Tyranitar is a direct reference to Godzilla. The Pokémon's appearance is a large green lizard monster-type creature who is characterised as an unstoppable force. In 2015–present, Gojira and Godzilla 2600 from the Homebrew fangame were released for the NES and Atari 2600.

Literature

A Godzilla series of books was published by Random House during the late 1990s. The company created different series for different age groups, the Scott Ciencin series being aimed at preteens and the Marc Cerasini series being aimed at teens and young adults. Several manga have been derived from specific Godzilla films and both Marvel and Dark Horse have published Godzilla comic book series (1977–1979 and 1987–1999, respectively). In 2011, IDW Publishing started a new series Godzilla: Kingdom of Monsters rebooting the Godzilla story. It was followed by two sequel series, Godzilla (published in book form as Godzilla: History's Greatest Monster) and Godzilla: Rulers of Earth, as well as seven five-issue miniseries to date.

To tie-in with the 2014 film, three books were published. Titan Books published a novelization of the movie in May 2014, written by Greg Cox. The graphic novel Godzilla: Awakening by Max Borenstein, Greg Borenstein and Eric Battle served as a prequel, and Godzilla: The Art of Destruction by Mark Cotta told about the making of the movie. Godzilla has been referenced in The Simpsons comics on three separate occasions. The character is featured in Bart Simpson's Guide to Life where it and other kaiju characters such as Minilla and King Ghidorah can be seen; it is featured in the comic "An Anime Among Us!'' and K-Bart. Godzilla is also featured in the comic Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror 7 where it and other kaiju can be seen referenced on the front cover. Godzilla has also been referenced in Marc Brown's Arthur adventure book called Arthur's April Fool where Francine told Arthur & Buster that they need to pick on someone their own size like Godzilla. Both Godzilla & Arthur became the two of the most popular characters to root for.

Music

The song "Simon Says" by Pharoahe Monch is a hip-hop remix of the Godzilla March theme song. The instrumental version of this song was notably used in the 2000 film Charlie's Angels. The British band Lostprophets released a song called "We Are Godzilla, You Are Japan" on its second studio album Start Something. The American punk band Groovie Ghoulies released a song called "Hats off to You (Godzilla)" as a tribute to Godzilla. It is featured on the EP Freaks on Parade released in 2002. The American artist Doctor Steel released a song called 'Atomic Superstar' about Godzilla on his album People of Earth in 2002. In 2003, the British singer Siouxsie Sioux released the album Hái! with her band The Creatures; the album had a Japanese theme with a song dedicated to the monster, simply titled "Godzilla!".

The record label Shifty issued compilation Destroysall with 15 songs from 15 bands, ranging from hardcore punk to doom-laden death metal. Not all of the songs are dedicated to Godzilla, but all do appear connected to monsters from Toho Studios. Fittingly, the disc was released on August 1, 2003, the 35th anniversary of the Japanese release of Destroy All Monsters.

King Geedorah (a.k.a. MF DOOM) released Take Me to Your Leader, a hip-hop album featuring guests from the group Monsta Island Czars, another Godzilla-themed hip-hop group. These albums include multiple Godzilla samples throughout the series. Taiwanese American electronic musician Mochipet released the EP Godzilla Rehab Center on August 21, 2012, featuring songs named after monsters in the series including Gigan, King Ghidorah, Moguera and Hedorah.

Cultural impact

Godzilla is one of the most recognizable symbols of Japanese popular culture worldwide and is an important facet of Japanese films, embodying the kaiju subset of the tokusatsu genre. It has been considered a filmographic metaphor for the United States (with the "-zilla" part of the name being used in vernacular language as a suffix to indicate something of exaggerated proportions), as well as an allegory of nuclear weapons in general. The earlier Godzilla films, especially the original Godzilla, portrayed Godzilla as a frightening, nuclear monster. Godzilla represented the fears that many Japanese held about the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the possibility of recurrence.^[157]

At least two prehistoric creatures from the fossil record have been named after Godzilla. Gojirasaurus quayi is a theropod dinosaur that lived in the Triassic Period; a partial skeleton was unearthed in Quay County, New Mexico.^[158] Dakosaurus andiniensis, a crocodile from the Jurassic Period, was nicknamed "Godzilla" before being scientifically classified. In 2010 the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society named their most recently acquired scout vessel MV Gojira. Toho, the people in charge of the Godzilla franchise, served them with a notice to remove the name and in response the boat's name was changed in May 2011 to MV Brigitte Bardot.^[159]

Merchandise

The Return of Godzilla (1984) generated {{US$|230,000,000|long=no}} merchandise sales in Japan.^[163] Godzilla (1998) generated more than {{US$|400,000,000|long=no}} in North American merchandise sales.^[164] In Japan, Godzilla merchandise sold {{JPY|1.93 billion}} ({{US$|{{To USD|1930|JPN|year=2012}} million|long=no}}) in 2005,^[165] {{JPY|7,000,000,000}} ({{US$|{{To USD|7000|JPN|year=2016}} million|long=no}}) in 2016^[166] and {{JPY|15,000,000,000}} ({{US$|{{To USD|15000|JPN|round=yes}} million|long=no}}) in 2017.^[167] Combined, Godzilla generated more than {{US$|852.5 million|long=no}} in merchandise sales as of 2017.

Awards

(*) In 1996 Godzilla received an award for Lifetime Achievement at the MTV Movie Awards. Creator and producer Shōgo Tomiyama accepted on his behalf via satellite and was joined by "Godzilla" himself.

Name usage

"-zilla" is a well-known slang suffix, used to imply some form of excess to a person, object or theme;^[171] some examples being the reality show Bridezillas and the Netscape-derived web browser Mozilla Firefox. "-Zilla" is rumored to mean "reptilian" as shown in the kaiju name, "Zilla". It has no word before its meaning, therefore it is not purely a suffix. This puts into question whether or not the shows/browser above are abusing the term.

See also

References

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2014/9/jennifer-lawrence-game-of-thrones-frozen-among-new-entertainment-record-holders-in-guinness-world-records-2015-book-60021/|title=Jennifer Lawrence, Game of Thrones, Frozen among new entertainment record holders in Guinness World Records 2015 book|last=Guinness World Records|first=|work=Guinness World Records|date=September 3, 2014| access-date=February 26, 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vqronline.org/vqr-portfolio/godzilla%E2%80%99s-footprint|title=Godzilla's Footprint|last=Ryfle|first=Steve|work=VQR Online| access-date=September 25, 2014}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2127-godzilla-poetry-after-the-a-bomb|title=Godzilla: Poetry After the A-Bomb|last=Hoberman|first=J.|work=Criterion|date=January 24, 2012}}
4. ^Godzilla 1954 Toho
5. ^The Return of Godzilla 1984 Toho
6. ^{{cite video|people=Takeo Murata (writer) and Ishirō Honda (writer/director)|title=Godzilla|medium=DVD|publisher=DreamWorks Classics|date=2006}}
7. ^{{cite video|people=Al C. Ward (writer) and Ishirō Honda, Terry Morse (writers/directors)|title=Godzilla, King of the Monsters!|medium=DVD|publisher=DreamWorks Classics|date=2006}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bucketmovies.com/bucket-hall-of-fame-the-toho-big-pool/ |title=Bucket Hall of Fame: The Toho Big Pool | access-date=February 16, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229081538/http://www.bucketmovies.com/bucket-hall-of-fame-the-toho-big-pool/ |archivedate=December 29, 2010 |df= }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/japans-toho-produce-new-godzilla-754751|title=Japan's Toho to Produce New 'Godzilla' for 2016, First in 12 Years|last=Blair|first=Gavin |work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=December 7, 2014}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/hideaki-anno-and-shinji-higuchi-to-direct-tohos-godzilla-2016-1201464017/|title=Hideaki Anno and Shinji Higuchi to Direct 'Godzilla 2016'|last=Frater|first=Patrick|work=Variety|date=March 31, 2015| access-date=March 31, 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://augustragone.blogspot.com/2015/03/evangelion-creator-helms-new-godzilla.html|title="EVANGELION" CREATOR HELMS NEW "GODZILLA" Hideaki Anno & Shinji Higuchi Revive the King!|last=Ragone|first=August|work=The Good, The Bad, and Godzilla|date=March 31, 2015| access-date=March 31, 2015}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-03-31/evangelion-hideaki-anno-is-new-japanese-godzilla-film-chief-director-writer/.86598|title= Evangelion's Hideaki Anno Is New Japanese Godzilla Film's Chief Director, Writer|last=|first=|work=Anime News Network|date=March 31, 2015| access-date=March 31, 2015}}
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101. ^{{cite web |title=Shin Godjira (2016) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Shin-Godzilla-(Japan)#tab=international |website=The Numbers |accessdate=11 February 2019}}
102. ^{{cite web |title=Shin Godzilla (2016) {{ndash}} International |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=shingodzilla.htm |website=Box Office Mojo | access-date=July 1, 2018}}
103. ^¹{{cite web|title=Statistics Of Film Industry In Japan|url=http://www.eiren.org/statistics_e/index.html|publisher=Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan, Inc|accessdate=11 February 2019}}
104. ^¹{{cite news |title=Live-Action Fullmetal Alchemist Film Tops Japan's Box Office |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-12-05/live-action-fullmetal-alchemist-film-tops-japan-box-office/.124817 |accessdate=11 February 2019 |work=Anime News Network |date=2017-12-05}}
105. ^{{cite web |title=哥斯拉：怪兽行星 (Godzilla: Monster Planet) |url=https://maoyan.com/films/1170241 |website=Maoyan |accessdate=11 February 2019}}
106. ^¹{{cite news |title=【週末アニメ映画ランキング】「GODZILLA 星を喰う者」6位、「続・終物語」7位、「ANEMONE」10位スタート |url=https://anime.eiga.com/news/column/eiga_ranking/107462/ |accessdate=February 11, 2019 |work=Eiga |date=November 13, 2018 |language=ja}}
107. ^¹{{cite web |title=Japan Box Office (November 17–18, 2018) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/japan/?yr=2018&wk=46¤cy=local |accessdate=11 February 2019 |website=Box Office Mojo}}
108. ^{{cite web |title=Godzilla (1998) |url=https://pro.boxoffice.com/movie/4058/godzilla-1998 |website=BoxOffice |accessdate=16 January 2019}}
109. ^¹{{cite web |title=Godzilla (1998) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godzilla.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm |website=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=11 February 2019}}
110. ^¹{{cite web |title=Godzilla (2014) |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godzilla2012.htm |website=Box Office Mojo | access-date=July 1, 2018}}
111. ^{{cite web |title=Godzilla (2014) {{ndash}} Domestic Total Est. Tickets |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godzilla2012.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm |website=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=11 February 2019}}
112. ^{{cite web|title=Gojira|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gojira/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=June 29, 2017}}
113. ^{{cite web |title= Godzilla (1954) Reviews |url= http://www.metacritic.com/movie/godzilla |work= Metacritic |publisher= CBS Interactive |access-date= December 17, 2018 }}
114. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla, King of the Monsters!|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_king_of_the_monsters|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=November 14, 2017}}
115. ^{{cite web |title=Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (1956) Reviews |url= https://www.metacritic.com/movie/godzilla-king-of-the-monsters! |work= Metacritic |publisher= CBS Interactive |access-date= December 17, 2018 }}
116. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla Raids Again|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_raids_again/|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}
117. ^{{cite web|title=King Kong vs. Godzilla|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/king_kong_vs_godzilla|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
118. ^{{cite web|title=Mothra vs. Godzilla|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_mothra/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
119. ^{{cite web|title=Ghidrah, The Three-Headed Monster|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ghidrah_the_three_headed_monster/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=15 July 2017}}
120. ^{{cite web|title=Invasion of Astro-Monster|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_monster_zero/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
121. ^{{cite web|title=Ebirah, Horror of the Deep|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_the_sea_monster/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
122. ^{{cite web|title=Son of Godzilla|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/son_of_godzilla/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
123. ^{{cite web|title=Destroy All Monsters|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/destroy_all_monsters/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
124. ^{{cite web|title=All Monsters Attack|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzillas-revenge/reviews/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
125. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs. Hedorah|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_the_smog_monster/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
126. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs Gigan|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1136388_godzilla_vs_gigan|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
127. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs. Megalon|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_megalon/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
128. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs Mechagodzilla|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_mechagodzilla/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
129. ^{{cite web|title=Terror of Mechagodzilla|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/terror_of_mechagodzilla/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
130. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla 1985|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_1985/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
131. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs Biollante|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_biollante/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
132. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_king_ghidora/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
133. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs Mothra|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_and_mothra_the_battle_for_earth/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
134. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_mechagodzilla_ii/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
135. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_space_godzilla/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
136. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs. Destoroyah|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_destroyah/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
137. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla 1998|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
138. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla 2000|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_2000/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
139. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla vs Megaguirus|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_vs_megaguirus/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
140. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_mothra_and_king_ghidorah_giant_monsters_allout_attack|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
141. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_against_mechagodzilla/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
142. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S.|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_tokyo_sos/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
143. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla: Final Wars|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1152881_godzilla_final_wars|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
144. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla 2014|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_2014/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
145. ^{{cite web|title=Shin Godzilla|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shin_godzilla/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=29 June 2017}}
146. ^{{cite web|title=Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_monster_planet/|website=Rotten Tomatoes| access-date=6 September 2018}}
147. ^{{cite web|url=https://tcrf.net/Godzilla-kun|title=Godzilla-kun – The Cutting Room Floor|work=tcrf.net}}
148. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gamestop.com/ps4/games/godzilla/119160|title=Godzilla for PlayStation 4|work=Gamestop|date=| access-date=May 30, 2015}}
149. ^{{cite news |title=Dud 'Godzilla' Still Music To Sony's Ears |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922112642/articles.philly.com/1998-07-22/news/25735413_1_music-sales-soundtrack-albums-biggest-album | access-date=September 22, 2015 |work=New York Daily News |date=July 22, 1998}}
150. ^See {{Section link|Come with Me (Puff Daddy song)|Certifications}}
151. ^{{cite web |title=Shinshoku ~Lose Control~ |url=http://www.generasia.com/wiki/Shinshoku_~Lose_Control~ |website=Generasia | access-date=August 19, 2018}}
152. ^{{cite web |title=2016 Oricon Top 100 Albums |url=http://www.generasia.com/wiki/2016_Oricon_Top_100_Albums |website=Generasia | access-date=August 19, 2018 |language=en}}
153. ^{{cite news |title=B'z、さらなる記録更新へ！ニューアルバムリリース決定！ |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/21023/full/ |work=Oricon News |publisher=Oricon |date=2006-05-10 |language=ja-JP}}
154. ^Punk Rock Is Dead
155. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lyricsfreak.com/s/sepultura/biotech%20is%20godzilla_20123343.html|title=Biotech Is Godzilla Lyrics – Sepultura|work=lyricsfreak.com}}
156. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gojira-mn0000721409/biography |title=Gojira: Biography |website=allmusic | access-date=January 14, 2018}}
157. ^{{cite web |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/popcult/handouts/metaphor/godzilla/godzilla.html |title=The Monster That Morphed Into a Metaphor |author=Terrence Rafferty |date=May 2, 2004 }}
158. ^{{cite web| url=http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/carnivorousdinosaurs/p/gojirasaurus.htm|title=Gojirasaurus|last=Strauss|first=Bob|work=About.com:Dinosaurs|publisher=New York Times| access-date=17 January 2010}}
159. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-110525-1.html |title=The Beast Transforms into a Beauty as Godzilla Becomes the Brigitte Bardot – Sea Shepherd Conservation Society |publisher=Seashepherd.org |date=2011-05-25 | access-date=2013-10-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703225105/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-110525-1.html |archivedate=2011-07-03 |df= }}
160. ^{{cite book |last1=Ryfle |first1=Steve |title=Japan's Favorite Mon-star: The Unauthorized Biography of "The Big G" |date=1998 |publisher=ECW Press |isbn=9781550223484 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqSOkywWeX4C&pg=PA17}}
161. ^{{cite book |last1=Freer |first1=Ian |title=The Complete Spielberg |date=2001 |publisher=Virgin Books |isbn=9780753505564 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGRZAAAAMAAJ}}
162. ^{{cite book |last1=Derry |first1=Charles |title=Dark Dreams: A Psychological History of the Modern Horror Film |date=1977 |publisher=A. S. Barnes |isbn=9780498019159 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3O0AAAAIAAJ}}
163. ^{{cite news |title=Godzilla Returns in New Movie |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/216454588/ |work=The Town Talk |date=November 29, 1984}}
164. ^{{cite book |last=King |first=Geoff |title=New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction |date=2002 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=9781860647505 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsGTm5DfY1kC&pg=PA72}}
165. ^{{cite news |title=在日本，地位最高的动漫是哆啦a梦么？ |url=http://www.taojinjubao.com/zhihu/267465.html |website=Taojinjubao |publisher=Character Databank (CharaBiz) |date=2018-01-06}}
166. ^『日経MJ』2017年11月24日付、3頁。
167. ^『日経エンタテインメント！』2018年4月号、45頁。
168. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000693/2004|title=Walk of Fame (2004)|work=imdb.com}}
169. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/legendarys-godzilla-receive-japanese-governmental-725714|title=Legendary's 'Godzilla' to Receive Japanese Governmental Award|last=Siegemund-Broka|first=Austin|work=Hollywood Reporter|date=August 14, 2014| access-date=January 19, 2016}}
170. ^{{cite web |url= http://japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/40_special.html|title= 日本アカデミー賞公式サイト|work= Japan Academy Prize}}
171. ^William Tsutsui (2004) "Godzilla on My Mind", p,8.

History

Shōwa period (1954–1975)

Heisei period (1984–1995)

Millennium period (1999–2004)

Post-millennium period (2016–2018)

American productions

TriStar Pictures (1998)

Legendary Pictures (2014–present)

Filmography

Toho productions

American adaptations of Toho productions

American productions

Cozzilla

Guest appearances

Box office and reception

Box office performance

Critical reception

Other media

Television

Video games

Literature

Music

Cultural impact

Merchandise

Awards

Name usage

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links