请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Golden triangle (universities)
释义

  1. Members

  2. Rankings

     World  National 

  3. Research income

  4. Graduate earning power

  5. Gallery

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

{{other uses|Golden Triangle (disambiguation)}}{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}{{Location map+|United Kingdom|AlternativeMap=United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg|alt=Map of the UK with location of 'golden triangle' universities highlighted|caption=Locations of 'golden triangle' universities.|float=right|width=388|places={{Location map~|United Kingdom|lat=51.76|long=-1.25|position=left|label=Oxford}}{{Location map~|United Kingdom|lat=52.21|long=0.12|position=right|label=Cambridge}}{{Location map~|United Kingdom|lat=51.51|long=-0.13|position=right|label=London|mark=City locator 11.svg|marksize=12}}{{Location map~|United Kingdom|mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png|marksize=1|lat=51|long=-11
|label=London:

 Imperial College London

 King's College London

 London School of Economics

 University College London


|position=right}}
}}

The golden triangle is an unofficial grouping of research universities located in the cities of Cambridge, London and Oxford in the southeast of England.{{refn|Multiple sources state the golden triangle is formed around Oxford, Cambridge and London[1][2][3][4][5][6]}} The triangle is sometimes referred to as the Loxbridge triangle,[1][2] a portmanteau of London and Oxbridge.

The corners of the triangle are formed by the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford and various universities in London. These are typically Imperial College London, University College London, King's College London and the London School of Economics,[3]{{refn|group=note|Multiple sources confirm the membership, although some omit either King's or LSE, as noted under their entries[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]}} although some sources omit either or both of King's College London{{refn|group=note|King's College London is not included by[11][12][15][16][18]}} and the London School of Economics.{{refn|group=note|LSE is not included by[10][15][16][18]}} Occasionally other universities in London will also be included, such as the London Business School and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.[4]

The institutions typically considered members of the triangle have among the highest research incomes of all British universities and collaborate closely through initiatives such as the G5,[5] Global Medical Cluster (GMEC),[6][7] MedCity,[8] and SES.[9] The balance of funding between the 'golden triangle' and the rest of the UK has been questioned, and was specifically included in the terms of reference for an enquiry in 2018 by the House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee.[10] Defenders of the level of funding going to the golden triangle institutions have pointed out that "The apparent concentration of research in the golden triangle is little more than a reflection of the distribution of people in the UK".[11] Analysis of grant proposals to Research Councils UK between 2012–13 and 2016–17 has shown that golden triangle institutions do not have unusually high success rates (two are actually below the expected range), but that the northern universities of Durham, Lancaster and York do.[12]

Members

Golden triangle universities possess some of the largest UK university financial endowments; endowment sizes range from UCL's £101 million (2016)[13] to Oxford's £5.07 billion (including colleges) Further, each university receives millions of pounds in research fundings and other grants from the UK government, criticised by leaders of some other universities as disproportionate and not in the best interests of the country as a whole.[14] In 2013/14, universities in Oxford, Cambridge and London received 46% of research funding in the UK, up from 42.6% a decade earlier.[15]

LocationUndergraduate enrollment ({{HESA year)[16]Graduate enrollment ({{HESA year)[16]Total enrollment ({{HESA year)[16]2016 EndowmentAcademic staff (2015/16)[17]MottoColours
University of CambridgeCambridge,
Cambridgeshire		INSTID=0114}}INSTID=0114}}INSTID=0114}}name="Cambridge Endowment"|Colleges £2,263.6M,[18] University (consolidated) £1,519M[19]}}5,825Hinc lucem et pocula sacra
(From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge)		{{cell|#A3C1AD}}}}Cambridge Blue[20]
Imperial College LondonLondon,
Greater London		INSTID=0132}}INSTID=0132}}INSTID=0132}}£126.2 million[21]4,770Scientia imperii decus et tutamen
(Knowledge is the adornment and protection of the Empire)		{{cell3|#000}}{{cell|#8CACDF}}{{cell|#7D3358}}{{cell|#FFF}}{{cell|#482D8C}}{{cell|#FFF82E}}{{cell3|#000}}{{cell3|#000}}{{cell|#8CACDF}}{{cell|#7D3358}}{{cell|#FFF}}{{cell|#482D8C}}{{cell|#FFF82E}}{{cell3|#000}}}}
King's College LondonLondon,
Greater London		INSTID=0134}}INSTID=0134}}INSTID=0134}}£194.1 million[22]4,710Sancte et Sapienter
(With Holiness and Wisdom)		{{cells|3|#003c7a}}{{cell|#e41f13}}{{cells|3|#003c7a}}{{cell|#e41f13}}{{cells|3|#003c7a}}}} Blue & King's Red[23]
London School of EconomicsLondon,
Greater London		INSTID=0137}}INSTID=0137}}INSTID=0137}}[24]{{rp>36}}1,655Rerum cognoscere causas
(To Know the Causes of Things)		{{cell2|#800080}}{{cell|#000}}{{cell|#FFD700}}{{cell|#000}}{{cell2|#800080}}{{cell|#000}}{{cell|#FFD700}}{{cell|#000}}{{cell2|#800080}}}}Purple, black and gold[25]
University of OxfordOxford,
Oxfordshire		INSTID=0156}}INSTID=0156}}INSTID=0156}}name="Oxford Endowment"|Colleges £4,159.1M,[26] University (consolidated) £909.8M[27]}}6,945Dominus Illuminatio Mea
(The Lord is my Light)		{{cell|#002147}}}} Oxford blue[28]
University College LondonLondon,
Greater London		INSTID=0149}}INSTID=0149}}INSTID=0149}}£101.0 million[29]7,220Cuncti adsint meritaeque expectent praemia palmae
(Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward)		{{cells|3|#602899}}{{cell|#6cf}}{{cells|3|#602899}}{{cell|#6cf}}{{cells|3|#602899}}}}

Rankings

World

{{See also|College and university rankings}}

Golden triangle universities generally do well on International rankings, which strongly reflect research performance. The LSE has, however, expressed concerns about a bias in rankings against smaller institutions and in favour of universities with large science, technology, engineering and mathematics programmes. Some global rankings, such as those produced by Times Higher Education (THE) and Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), correct for the sizes of institutions in calculating their results but others, such as the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), make no such adjustment.[57][30]

University THE World (2017/18)[31] QS World (2017/18)[32][33]US News Global (2017/2018)[34][35] THE Global Employability (2017/2018)[36][37]Academic Ranking of World Universities (2017/2018)[38]{{refn>group=note|151-200 for the London School of Economics, but that makes the column sort fail.
University of Cambridge25753
Imperial College London88171727
King's College London3623412546
group=note|The LSE made the following statement about university rankings in 2012: "At mid-2012, LSE has seen pleasing improvements over the last couple of years in our standing in all the main global rankings: those produced by Times Higher Education, QS and Shanghai Jiaotong University. We have also seen good rises in the domestic UK rankings. But we remain concerned that all of the global rankings – by some way the most important for us, given our highly international orientation – suffer from inbuilt biases in favour of large multi-faculty universities with full STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) offerings, and against small, specialist, mainly non-STEM universities such as LSE."[39]}}253524446151
University of Oxford165157
University College London167224916

National

{{See also|Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom}}

The Golden Triangle universities generally do well on British university league tables, with Cambridge and Oxford consistently first and second, and Imperial and UCL ranked in the top ten by all compilers. The LSE, however, misses out on a top ten place in the Guardian University Guide, while

King's College London fails to make the top ten except in the Times Higher Education employability survey of UK recruiters.

In The Sunday Times 10-year (1998–2007) average ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance; Cambridge, Oxford, LSE, Imperial and UCL (in order) claimed the top 5 positions whilst King's was placed joint 14th.[40] With the exception of King's, the remaining members of the Golden Triangle have never left the top 15 in one of the three main domestic rankings between 2008 and 2017.[41]

UniversityTHE Table of Tables (2017)[42]Complete (2018)[43]THE UK Employability (2018)[36]Guardian (2018)[44]The Times (2017)[45]
University of Cambridge 1 1 1 1 1
Imperial College London 4= 53 6= 5
King's College London 25 214 39 29
London School of Economics 7 46 15 8
University of Oxford 2 2 2 2 2
University College London 11 77 10= 6

Research income

Highest total research income for universities (out of 161 British universities, year 2015/16)
Rank[46]UniversityResearch income (£m)Research income as proportion of income (%)
1University of Oxford534.3[47]42.6
2University College London 529.5[48]40.0
3University of Cambridge462.4[49]28.1
4Imperial College London348.2[50]36.8
7King's College London 193.2[51]26.2
43London School of Economics30.3[24]{{rp|30}}9.2

Graduate earning power

Research in 2017 by the Institute for Fiscal Studies also indicates graduates from the LSE, Oxford and Imperial earn, on average, over £40,000 per year 5 years after graduation, making them the highest earners 5 years after graduation amongst British university graduates.[52] Furthermore, the rest of the golden triangle member institutions, along with St George's (University of London), make up the top 7 table of the highest earners. [53]

Gallery

{{gallery
|title=Golden Triangle (Universities)|width=250
|lines=2
|File:Cambridge Peterhouse OldCourt.JPG| University of Cambridge
(Peterhouse)
|File:Imperial College London MMB 01.jpg|Imperial College London
(Imperial College Business School)
|File:King's College London Bush House Building 3.jpg|King's College London
(Bush House)
|File:NABuilding.JPG|London School of Economics
(New Academic Building)
|File:Bridge of Sighs (Oxford).jpg|University of Oxford
(The Bridge of Sighs)
|File:University College London -quadrant-11Sept2006 (1).jpg|University College London
(Wilkins Building)
}}

See also

  • Research-intensive cluster
  • G5
  • Global Medical Excellence Cluster
  • Imperial Universities (Japan)
  • Institutes of National Importance (India)
  • MedCity (London)
  • SES-5 A formal grouping of universities in the South East of the UK
  • Ivy League (older private universities in the United States)
  • Russell Group A formal grouping of research universities in the UK
  • SKY (universities) (Korea)
  • C9 League The Chinese Ministry of Education's formal grouping of elite universities in China

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|first=Michael |last=Neuman|year=2018|url=http://talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/98671|website=talks.cam.ac.uk|title=The Loxbridge Triangle: Integrating the East-West Arch into the London Mega-region|publisher=University of Cambridge}}
2. ^{{cite journal | author=Morgan, K. J. | title= The research assessment exercise in English universities, 2001 | journal=Higher Education | volume=48 | pages=461–482 | year=2004 | url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/k601035744543035/ | doi= 10.1023/B:HIGH.0000046717.11717.06 | issue=4 }}
3. ^{{cite book|title=Social Class in the 21st Century|author=Mike Savage|date= 5 November 2015|publisher=Penguin|quote="Higher education researchers often talk about a 'Golden Triangle' of universities. The 'triangle' describes an imaginary three-sided shape with corners in Oxford, Cambridge and London. The exact composition of the London 'corner' can vary, but typically it includes the London School of Economics, King's College London, University College London and Imperial College London."|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TE3ZCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT167#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=167|isbn=9780141978925}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/world-reputation-rankings-2014-results/2011860.article|title= World Reputation Rankings 2014 results: UK’s ‘golden triangle’ accounts for 8 of the country’s 10 representatives in top 100|work=Times Higher Education|accessdate=14 June 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=186508§ioncode=26|title=Super elite in secret bid for cash boost|work=Times Higher Education|date=6 February 2004|accessdate=30 March 2014}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gmecuk.com/members/universities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306214506/http://www.gmecuk.com/members/universities|archivedate=6 March 2014|accessdate=4 August 2016|title=Universities|website=GMEC}}
7. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/dec/19/research.highereducation "Collaborate and listen, The Guardian, Tuesday 19 December 2006"]
8. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-26938737|title=MedCity launched to promote South East's science 'golden triangle'|accessdate=8 April 2014|publisher=BBC News|date=8 April 2014}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/research-heavyweights-deny-ganging-up/2003702.article|title=Research heavyweights deny 'ganging up'|work=Times Higher Education|date=9 May 2013|accessdate=30 March 2014}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/science-and-technology-committee/news-parliament-2017/research-innovation-spending-inquiry-launch-17-19/|title= Balance and effectiveness of research and innovation spending inquiry launched|at=Terms of Reference|date=20 July 2018|accessdate=13 December 2018|publisher=House of Commons}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/cuts-golden-triangle-could-leave-uk-bad-shape|title= Cuts to the golden triangle could leave the UK in bad shape|date=6 December 2018|work=Times Higher Education|author=Sarah Chaytor and Graeme Reid}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://blog.esrc.ac.uk/2018/09/27/putting-research-in-its-place/|title=Putting research in its place|date= 27 September 2018 |publisher=ESRC|author=Alex Hulkes}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/finance/docs/docs-corporate/2016_ucl-annual-report.pdf|title=Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2016|accessdate=23 May 2017|publisher=UCL}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/south-secures-research-cash/207821.article|title=South secures research cash|date=16 February 2007|work=Times Higher Education|author=Rebecca Attwood}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mediafhe.com/golden-triangle-increases-share-of-research-funding |title=Golden triangle increases share of research funding}}
16. ^1 2 {{HESA citation}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/publications/staff-2015-16|title= Staff in Higher Education 2015/16|publisher=HESA|accessdate=26 May 2017}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2016-17/weekly/6451/section1.shtml#heading2-6|title=Accounts of the Colleges|work=Cambridge University Reporter|publisher=University of Cambridge|date=18 January 2017|accessdate=26 May 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2016-17/weekly/6448/section4.shtml#heading2-10|title= Statement of changes in reserves for the year ended 31 July 2016 |work=Cambridge University Reporter|publisher=University of Cambridge |accessdate=26 May 2017|date=8 December 2016}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/communications/services/identityguidelines/guidelines-colour.pdf|title=Identity Guidelines – Colour|publisher=University of Cambridge Office of External Affairs and Communications|accessdate=15 July 2016}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/finance/public/Imperial_ReportAndAccounts2015-16_WEB_Singles.pdf |title=Annual Report and Accounts 2015–16|publisher=Imperial College London}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/orgstructure/ps/finance/statements/financialstatements2016.pdf|title=Financial Statements for the year to 31 July 2016|accessdate=10 February 2017|publisher=King's College London}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Branding Essentials |url=https://internal.kcl.ac.uk/erd/depts/brand/corpdesign/Documents/Branding-essentials-2015-08-10.pdf/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20151112203442/https://internal.kcl.ac.uk/erd/depts/brand/corpdesign/Documents/Branding-essentials-2015-08-10.pdf/ |dead-url=yes |archivedate=12 November 2015 |website=Branding Essentials 10 August 2015 |accessdate=15 July 2016 }}
24. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/financeDivision/pdf/FinancialStatements-FINAL-2015-16.pdf| title = Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2016 | accessdate = 4 January 2017 | publisher = London School of Economics}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.shop.edirectory.co.uk/lseshop/919/default/d/ties+scarves/mt/c/rid/13089 |title=LSE Shop |publisher=Shop.edirectory.co.uk |accessdate=15 July 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131203208/http://www.shop.edirectory.co.uk/lseshop/919/default/d/ties+scarves/mt/c/rid/13089 |archivedate=31 January 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
26. ^Oxford University Colleges Financial Statements 2016
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/Financial_statements2015_16_0.pdf|title=Financial Statements 2015/16|publisher=University of Oxford |accessdate=10 March 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/branding_toolkit/the_brand_colours/ |title=The brand colour – Oxford blue |publisher=University of Oxford |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/finance/docs/docs-corporate/2016_ucl-annual-report.pdf|title=Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2016|accessdate=11 January 2017|publisher=UCL}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hepi.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Hepi_International-university-rankings-For-good-or-for-ill-REPORT-89-10_12_16_Screen.pdf|title=International university rankings: For good or ill?|author=Bahram Bekhradnia |publisher=Higher Education Policy Institute|date=15 December 2016|accessdate=26 May 2017}}
31. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|title=World University Rankings|date=18 August 2017|work=Times Higher Education (THE)|accessdate=3 January 2018}}
32. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2018|title=QS World University Rankings 2018|date=5 June 2017|work=Top Universities|accessdate=3 January 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=QS World University Rankings 2016/17|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2016|publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd|accessdate=6 September 2016}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=Best Global Universities Rankings, US News|last=|first=|date=September 2017|website=US News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028092904/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|archivedate=2014-10-28|dead-url=yes|accessdate=}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Best Global Universities Rankings|work=US News and World Report|accessdate=24 May 2017|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings}}
36. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/graduate-employability-top-universities-uk-ranked-employers|title=Graduate employability: top universities in the UK ranked by employers|date=16 November 2017|work=Times Higher Education (THE)|accessdate=3 January 2018}}
37. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/best-universities-graduate-jobs-global-university-employability-ranking-2016|title=Best universities for graduate jobs: Global University Employability Ranking 2016| date=16 November 2016|work=Times Higher Education}}
38. ^http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2017.html
39. ^1 {{cite web|title=LSE in university league tables|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/aboutLSE/leagueTables/LSEinUniversityLeagueTables.aspx|publisher=London School of Economics|archivedate=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055639/http://www.lse.ac.uk/aboutLSE/leagueTables/LSEinUniversityLeagueTables.aspx}}
40. ^{{cite news|url=http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/pdfs/univ07ten.pdf|format=PDF|title=University ranking based on performance over 10 years|work=The Times |location=London |year=2007|accessdate=28 April 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080414064446/http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/pdfs/univ07ten.pdf |archivedate = 14 April 2008}}
41. ^{{cite web|title=Domestic Ranking of British Universisities over a 10-Year Period|url=http://theuniversitybuzz.blogspot.co.uk/2017/01/domestic-ranking-of-british.html|publisher=The University Buzz}}
42. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/table-tables-2017-loughborough-catching-elite|title= THE 'Table of Tables' 2017: Loughborough catching up with elite|author=Chris Havergal|date=12 October 2016|work=Times Higher Education}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings |title=University League Tables 2018|publisher=Complete University Guide |accessdate=23 May 2017}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2017/may/16/university-league-tables-2018|title=University league tables 2018|work=The Guardian|date=16 May 2017}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/University_Guide/|title=The Times and Sunday Times University Good University Guide 2017|accessdate=23 September 2016}}{{paywall}}
46. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/breaking_news_files/university-financial-health-check-2016-uk-institutions-finances-2014-2015.pdf|accessdate=23 May 2017|work=Times Higher Education|date=2 June 2016|title=University financial health check 2016}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/Financial_statements2015_16_0.pdf|title=Financial Statements 2015/16|publisher=University of Oxford |accessdate=10 March 2017}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/finance/docs/docs-corporate/2016_ucl-annual-report.pdf|title=Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2016|publisher=University College London|accessdate=11 January 2017}}
49. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/uc_annual_report_2016_1.pdf| title = Reports and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2016 | accessdate = 8 January 2017| publisher = University of Cambridge}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/finance/public/Imperial_ReportAndAccounts2015-16_WEB_Singles.pdf | title=Annual Report and Accounts 2015–16 | publisher=Imperial College London | accessdate=21 December 2016}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/orgstructure/ps/finance/statements/financialstatements2016.pdf|title=Financial Statements for the year to 31 July 2016|accessdate=10 February 2017|publisher=King's College London}}
52. ^https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-41693230
53. ^http://www.dailymail.co.uk/money/news/article-5093461/The-universities-earn-graduates-highest-salaries.html
54. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=94844§ioncode=26 |title=Oxbridge windfall |work=Times Higher Education |date=4 August 1995|quote="A large amount of the cash awarded to humanities postgraduates still goes to the "Golden Triangle" of Oxford, Cambridge and London, British Academy figures reveal."}}
55. ^1 {{cite news|author=Kershaw, Alison|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/uk-universities-slip-in-rankings-8196772.html|title=UK universities slip in rankings|newspaper=The Independent|date=4 October 2012|quote="Rankings editor Phil Baty said: "Outside the golden triangle of London, Oxford and Cambridge, England's world-class universities face a collapse into global mediocrity."}}
56. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9cae5cd8-1a88-11e5-8201-cbdb03d71480.html|title=Johnson floats £10bn biotech fund for London|author= Andrew Ward|newspaper=Financial Times|date=25 June 2015|quote="MedCity was launched last year to increase collaboration between Imperial College, King's College and University College London – the capital's three main science universities – and promote the broader 'golden triangle' between London, Cambridge and Oxford to investors."}}
57. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.relocatemagazine.com/news/rmarriage-03-d2-2015-6588-education-uk-confirmed-as-global-education-superpower-in-new-international-university-rankings|title=UK confirmed as 'global education superpower' in international university rankings|author=Rebecca Marriage |work=ReLocate Global|date=11 March 2015|quote="The 'golden triangle' of Oxford, Cambridge and London strengthened its grip on UK higher education: As well as Cambridge and Oxford rising closer to the summit, University College London moved up from 25th to 17th, the London School of Economics rose two places to 22nd and King's College London jumped eight places from 43rd to 31st."}}
58. ^1 {{cite news|author=Mullins, Justin|url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18624962.800-englands-golden-triangle.html|title=England's golden triangle|newspaper=New Scientist|date=23 April 2005|quote="Take a look at any of the various league tables ranking universities around the world ... Oxford and Cambridge are in the top handful, while London's University College and Imperial College sit comfortably in the top 25. ... London, Oxford and Cambridge are a 'golden triangle' of academic success."}}
59. ^1 {{cite journal|last = Wiggins| first = Kaye| title = The World Reputation Rankings: UK's university 'golden triangle' strengthens grip|url = https://www.tes.co.uk/news/school-news/breaking-news/world-reputation-rankings-uks-university-golden-triangle-strengthens|quote="The "golden triangle" of Oxford, Cambridge and London has strengthened its grip on the UK's higher education system, according to the latest global reputation rankings from TES's sister title Times Higher Education."|date=11 March 2015}}
60. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050707/full/nj7047-144a.html| title=Golden opportunities|work=Nature| date=6 July 2005|quote="No longer rivals, Oxford, Cambridge and London are now working towards a common goal – ensuring the 'golden triangle' becomes a global science hub."}} (Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL, King's and Imperial)
61. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=409229|title=In research, small is just as beautiful|newspaper=Times Higher Education|date=26 November 2009|quote="The findings reveal the full extent of the dominance of the golden triangle: papers from the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, University College London, Imperial College London, and the London School of Economics were cited far more often than the world average"|author=Zoe Corbyn}} (Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL, Imperial and LSE)
62. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=410357|title='Golden triangle' to win funding riches|newspaper=Times Higher Education|date=11 February 2010|quote="The other institutions in the Cambridge-Oxford-London 'golden triangle' – University College London, Imperial College London and the London School of Economics – will also receive big cash windfalls, as will the University of Manchester."}} (names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL, Imperial and LSE)
63. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-24367153|title=London top city in global university rankings|author=Sean Coughlan|publisher=BBC News|date=3 October 2013|quote="The so-called 'golden triangle' of UK universities – Oxford, Cambridge and leading London institutions – is seen as a breakaway elite group, with these universities consolidating their international reputations. Imperial College, University College London, LSE and King's College London are all in the top 40."}} (Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL, King's, Imperial and LSE)
64. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://exquisitelife.researchresearch.com/files/rf4470.pdf|title=Golden Triangle pulls ahead in REF shake-out: UCL and KCL ascend power rankings, Manchester and Leeds fall|author1=Miriam Frankel|author2=Alison Goddard|author3=Gretchen Ransow|work=Research Fortnight|date=18 December 2014|quote="The top six universities in the so-called golden triangle—Oxford, UCL, Cambridge, Imperial, KCL and the London School of Economics and Political Science—have done particularly well in the Power Ratings."}} (Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL, King's, Imperial and LSE)
65. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|author=Jha, Alok|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/jun/03/highereducation.research|title=Gold rush|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 June 2003|quote="The golden triangle of Oxford, Cambridge, University College London and Imperial College, show no sign of slowing down in their race away from the rest of the sector when it comes to research funding."}} (Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL and Imperial)
66. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oshFutmvGe8C&pg=PA222| title=OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation, North of England, UK| publisher=OECD |date=2008| page= 222 |quote="The "Golden Triangle" of ... the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Imperial College and University College of London ..."| isbn=9789264048942}} (Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL and Imperial)
67. ^1 {{cite journal|last = Grant| first = Malcolm| title = The future of the University of London: a discussion paper from the Provost of UCL| page = 6| date =1 March 2005| url = http://www.ucl.ac.uk/images/Uni-Lon.pdf}} (Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL, King's, Imperial and LSE)
68. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|author=Clark, Paul|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=167534§ioncode=26 |title=The golden triangle holds the secret|newspaper=Times Higher Education|date= 1 March 2002|quote= "Suppose, for the sake of argument, that the four institutions comprising the 'golden triangle' – Cambridge, Imperial College, Oxford and University College London – elect not to receive their block Higher Education Funding Council for England grant for teaching."}} (Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL and Imperial)

References

{{Reflist|refs=[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]
|30em}}{{University associations and groupings in the United Kingdom}}{{Navboxes|list1={{University of Cambridge}}{{University of Oxford}}{{Imperial College London}}{{London School of Economics}}{{University College London|affiliates}}{{King's College London}}{{Science and technology in the United Kingdom}}
}}

2 : Universities in England|Colloquial terms for groups of universities and colleges
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/22 15:24:38