“Good Roads Movement”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Good Roads Movement

释义

History
20th century State Good Roads associations
See also
References
Further reading
Advocacy in Good Roads Magazine c. 1890-1920 Advocacy in popular national periodicals c. 1880-1920 (examples) Advocacy in books and pamphlets c. 1880-1920 (examples) Modern books about the Good Roads movement
External links

The Good Roads Movement occurred in the United States between the late 1870s and the 1920s. Advocates for improved roads led by bicyclists turned local agitation into a national political movement.

Outside cities, roads were dirt or gravel; mud in the winter and dust in the summer. Early organizers cited Europe where road construction and maintenance was supported by national and local governments. In its early years, the main goal of the movement was education for road building in rural areas between cities and to help rural populations gain the social and economic benefits enjoyed by cities where citizens benefited from railroads, trolleys and paved streets. Even more than traditional vehicles, the newly invented bicycles could benefit from good country roads.

History

The Good Roads Movement was officially founded in May 1880, when bicycle enthusiasts, riding clubs and manufacturers met in Newport, Rhode Island to form the League of American Wheelmen to support the burgeoning use of bicycles and to protect their interests from legislative discrimination. The League quickly went national and in 1892 began publishing Good Roads Magazine. In three years circulation reached one million. Early movement advocates enlisted the help of journalists, farmers, politicians and engineers in the project of improving the nation's roadways, but the movement took off when it was adopted by bicyclists.

Groups across the country held road conventions and public demonstrations, published material on the benefits of good roads and endeavoured to influence legislators on local, state and national levels. Support for candidates often became crucial factors in elections. Not only advocating road improvements for bicyclists, the League pressed the idea to farmers and rural communities, publishing literature such as the famous pamphlet, The Gospel of Good Roads.^[1]

New Jersey became the first state to pass a law providing for a state to participate in road-building projects. In 1893, the U.S. Department of Agriculture initiated a systematic evaluation of existing highway systems. In that same year, Charles Duryea produced the first American gasoline-powered vehicle, and Rural Free Delivery began. By June 1894, "Many of the railway companies [had] made concessions in transporting road materials ranging from half rates to free carriage."^[2]

20th century

At the turn of the twentieth century, interest in the bicycle began to wane in the face of increasing interest in automobiles. Subsequently, other groups took the lead in the road lobby. As the automobile was developed and gained momentum, organizations developed such cross-county projects as the coast-to-coast east–west Lincoln Highway in 1913, headed by auto parts and auto racing magnate Carl G. Fisher, and later his north–south Dixie Highway in 1915, which extended from Canada to Miami, Florida.

The movement gained national prominence when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 on July 11, 1916. In that year, the Buffalo Steam Roller Company of Buffalo, New York, and the Kelly-Springfield Company of Springfield, Ohio, merged to form the Buffalo-Springfield Company, which became the leader in the American compaction industry. Buffalo-Springfield enabled America to embark on a truly national highway construction campaign that continued into the 1920s.

Horatio Earle is known as the "Father of Good Roads." Quoting from Earle's 1929 autobiography: "I often hear now-a-days, the automobile instigated good roads; that the automobile is the parent of good roads. Well, the truth is, the bicycle is the father of the good roads movement in this country." "The League fought for the privilege of building bicycle paths along the side of public highways." "The League fought for equal privileges with horse-drawn vehicles. All these battles were won and the bicyclist was accorded equal rights with other users of highways and streets."

State Good Roads associations

The 1920 Directory of American Agricultural Organizations ^[3] lists the following state organizations as being affiliated with the Good Roads Movement:

Alabama Good Roads Association
Arizona Good Roads Association
Central Florida Highway Association
Good Roads Association of Wisconsin
Illinois Association for Highway Improvement
Kansas Good Roads Association
Massachusetts Highway Association
Michigan Pikes Association
Michigan State Good Roads Association
Montana Good Roads Congress
Montana Highway Improvement Association
Nebraska Good Roads Association
Nevada Highway Association
New Hampshire Good Roads Association
New York Road Association
North Carolina Good Roads Association
Ohio Good Roads Federation
Southeastern Idaho Good Roads Association
Virginia Good Roads Association
Washington State Good Roads Association
Wilmington-Charlotte-Asheville Highway Association
Wisconsin Highway Commissioners' Association
Wyoming Good Roads Association

References

1. ^[https://archive.org/details/gospelgoodroads00highgoog The Gospel of Good Roads]
2. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dy1FAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZLsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1365,2017476&dq=good-roads-movement&hl=en The Good Roads Crusade] Cayuga Chief - Jun 2, 1894
3. ^[https://archive.org/details/directoryofamer00unit Directory of American Agricultural Organizations]

{{cite thesis |title= The Good Roads Movement in the United States: 1880-1916 |first= W.C. |last= Hilles |publisher= Duke University |year= 1958}}
{{cite journal |first= Christopher W. |last= Wells |title= The Changing Nature of Country Roads: Farmers, Reformers, and the Shifting Uses of Rural Space, 1880-1905 |journal = Agricultural History |volume= 80 |date= Spring 2006 |pages= 143–166 |doi=10.1525/ah.2006.80.2.143}}
{{Cite journal |last= Mayo |first= Earl |title= The Good Roads Train |journal= The World's Work |volume= II |issue= 3 |pages= 956–960 |publisher= Doubleday, Page & Co. |location= New York |date=July 1901 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IF6tNZnhO7wC&pg=PA956# |accessdate= April 29, 2012}}

{{Cite journal|volume= I (old)|year=1892|title=Jan-Jun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJgSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= II (old)|year=1892|title=Jul-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZcSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= III (old)|year=1892|title=Jan-Jun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpcSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= IV (old)|year=1893|title=Jul-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpcSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= VI (old)|year=1893|title=Jul-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZcSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR7#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XXIV (old)|year=1896|title=Jul-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAcAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP7#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XXV (old)|year=1897|title=Jan-Jun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgcAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP8#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XXVI (old)|year=1897|title=Jul-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XXVII (old)|year=1898|title=Jan-Jun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwcAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP6#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XXIX (old)|year=1899|title=Jan-Jul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxTWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP7#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XXX (old)|year=1899|title=Aug-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRXWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XXXI (old)|year=1900|title=Jun-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShXWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP7#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= I (new)|year=1901|title=Jun-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBXWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= II (new)|year=1903|title=Jan-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= V (new)|year=1904|title=Jan-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xXWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= VI (new)|year=1905|title=Jan-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixbWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR5#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= VII (new)|year=1906|title=Jan-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRfWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= VIII (new)|year=1907|title=Jan-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnglAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= IX (new)|year=1908|title=Jan-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYIlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= X (new)|year=1909|title=Jan-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIYlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XII (new)|year=1916|title=Jan-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XIV (new)|year=1917|title=Jan-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XV (new)|year=1918|title=Jan-Jun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wMlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= XVI (new)|year=1918|title=Jul-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgQlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#}}
{{Cite journal|volume= LXI (new)|year=1921|title=Jul-Dec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3oAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#}}

Advocacy in popular national periodicals c. 1880-1920 (examples)

{{Cite journal|title=Good Common Roads and How to Make Them|journal=Outing|volume=V|issue=3|pages=194–200|publisher=The Wheelman Company|location=Boston MA|date=December 1884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZxUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA194#}}
{{Cite journal|last=Morrison|first=A. Cressy|title=The League of American Wheelmen|journal=Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly|volume=XLV|issue=4|pages=363–372|publisher=Frank Leslie's Publishing House|location=New York NY|date=April 1898|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsPQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA363#}}
{{Cite journal|last=Cowles|first=Julia D.|title=The Good Roads Convention at St. Louis|journal=The World To-Day|volume=IV|issue=6|pages=761–771|publisher=Current Encyclopedia Company|location=Chicago IL|date=June 1903|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFswAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA761#}}
{{Cite journal|last=Matthews|first=Franklin|title=Getting Good Roads in America|journal=Outing|volume=XLIV|issue=3|pages=337–348|publisher=The Outing Publishing Company|location=New York NY|date=June 1904|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcSfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA337#}}
{{Cite journal|last=Burchell|first=H.P.|title=The Automobile as a means of Country Travel|journal=Outing|volume=XLVI|issue=5|pages=536–541|publisher=The Outing Publishing Company|location=New York NY|date= August 1905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8afAAAAMAAJ&dq=good%20roads%20movement&pg=PA536#v=onepage&q=good%20roads%20movement&f=false}}
{{Cite journal|last=Walsh|first=Thomas F.|title=Public highways and Prosperity|journal=The National Magazine|volume=XXVII|issue=4|publisher=The Chapple Publishing Company|location=Boston MA|date=January 1908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kIPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA458-IA4#}}
{{Cite journal|last=Page|first=Logan Waller|title=Good Roads the Way to Progress|journal=The World's Work|volume=XVIII|issue=3|pages=11807–11819|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company|location=New York, NY|date=July 1909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HThYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1807#}}
{{Cite journal|last=Logan|first=Thomas F.|title=Hastening the Millennium: How the Builders of Good Roads Hope to Turn American into Arcady|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|volume=183|issue=36|pages=26–29|date=March 4, 1911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlowAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA26}}
{{Cite journal|last=Page|first=Logan Waller|title=The Profit of Good Roads|journal=The World's Work|volume=XXIV|issue=6|pages=695-679|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company|location=Chicago, IL|date=October 1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZXNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA675#}}
{{Cite journal|last=Pennybacker, Jr.|first=J. E.|title=The Best Roads at Least Cost|journal=The World's Work|volume=XXIV|issue=6|pages=679–687|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company|location=Chicago, IL|date=October 1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZXNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA679#}}
{{Cite journal|last=Hewes|first=L. I.|title=Roads Worth $35,000,000 A Year|journal=The World's Work|volume=XXIV|issue=6|pages=688–698|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company|location=Chicago, IL|date=October 1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZXNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA688#}}
{{Cite journal|last=Joy|first=Henry B.|title=Transcontinental Trails: Their Development and What They Mean to this Country|journal=Scribner's Magazine|volume=LV|issue=2|pages=160–172|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York NY|date=February 1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vQvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA160#}}
{{Cite journal|title=The Economic and Social Value of Good Highways|journal=Dun's Review|volume=XXVIII|issue=6|pages=42–45|publisher=R. G. Dun & Company|location=New York NY|date=August 1917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7MspAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA42#}}
{{Cite journal|last=Goodell|first=John M.|title=An Apostle of Good Roads, Logan Waller Page|journal=The American Review of Reviews|volume=LVIX|issue=2|pages=302–304|publisher=The Review of Reviews Company|location=New York NY|date=February 1919|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nicIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA302}}

Advocacy in books and pamphlets c. 1880-1920 (examples)

{{Cite book|last=Stone|first=Roy|title=New Roads and Road Laws in the United States|publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company|year=1904|location=New York NY|pages=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkgxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#}}
{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Charles Henry|first2=Stanley Edwards |last2=Bates|title=National Highways to Bring About Good Roads Everywhere|publisher=National Highways Association|year=1913|location=Washington DC|pages=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6jVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#}}

Modern books about the Good Roads movement

{{cite book|last1=Reid|first1=Carlton|title=Roads Were Not Built for Cars|date=2015|url=http://www.roadswerenotbuiltforcars.com/|publisher=Island Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-61091-689-9|accessdate=25 May 2015}}

External links

The Great Bicycle Protest of 1896
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Good Roads Association
{{cite web |last= Weingroff |first= Richard F. |title= A Maximum of Good Results: Martin Dodge and the Good Roads Train |work= Highway History |publisher= Federal Highway Administration |date= April 7, 2011|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/dodge/}}

5 : History of cycling in the United States|Politics and technology|Cycling organizations in the United States|Political advocacy groups in the United States|Roads in the United States

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