“Grace (prayer)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A grace is a short prayer or thankful phrase said before or after eating.^[1] The term most commonly refers to Christian traditions. Some traditions hold that grace and thanksgiving imparts a blessing which sanctifies the meal. In English, reciting such a prayer is sometimes referred to as "saying grace". The term comes from the Ecclesiastical Latin phrase gratiarum actio, "act of thanks." In Christian theology, the act of saying grace is derived from the Bible, in which Jesus and Saint Paul pray before meals (cf. {{Bibleverse|Luke|24:30|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse|Acts|27:35|KJV}}).^[2] The practice reflects the belief that humans should thank God who is the origin of everything.^[2]

Christianity

Typical Christian grace prayers

Judaism

Before eating, a blessing is said based on the category of food that is being eaten. The categories are: (i) Bread, (ii) fruits that grow on a tree, (iii) fruits/vegetables that do not grow on a tree, (iv) derivates of the five grains (except for bread, which has its own blessing), (v) derivatives of grapes and (vi) everything else.

The Jewish mealtime prayer, after eating a meal that includes bread, is known as Birkat Hamazon. If the meal does not include bread, a blessing after the meal is recited based on the category of food that was eaten.

With the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD, the offering of the prescribed sacrifices ceased in Judaism. Thereafter, the Rabbis prescribed the substitution of other ritual actions to fill this void in Jewish obedience to the Torah. The ritual washing of hands and eating of salted bread is considered to be a substitute for the sacrificial offerings of the kohanim (Jewish priests).^[6]

Though there are separate blessings for fruit, vegetables, non-bread grain products, and meat, fish, and dairy products, a meal is not considered to be a meal in the formal sense unless bread is eaten. The duty of saying grace after the meal is derived from {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|8:10|HE}}: "And thou shalt eat and be satisfied and shalt bless the Lord thy God for the goodly land which he has given thee." Verse 8 of the same chapter says: "The land of wheat and barley, of the vine, the fig and the pomegranate, the land of the oil olive and of [date] syrup." Hence only bread made of wheat (which embraces spelt) or of barley (which for this purpose includes rye and oats) is deemed worthy of the blessing commanded in verse 10.^[7]

After the meal, a series of four (originally three) benedictions are said, or a single benediction if bread was not eaten.

Islam

Bahá'í

The Bahá'í Faith has these two prayers, which are meant for those who wish to thank God before they eat:

"He is God! Thou seest us, O my God, gathered around this table, praising Thy bounty, with our gaze set upon Thy Kingdom. O Lord! Send down upon us Thy heavenly food and confer upon us Thy blessing. Thou art verily the Bestower, the Merciful, the Compassionate."

"He is God! How can we render Thee thanks, O Lord? Thy bounties are endless and our gratitude cannot equal them. How can the finite utter praise of the Infinite? Unable are we to voice our thanks for Thy favors and in utter powerlessness we turn wholly to Thy Kingdom beseeching the increase of Thy bestowals and bounties. Thou art the Giver, the Bestower, the Almighty."

Hinduism

Hindus use the 24th verse of the 4th chapter of Bhagavad Gita as the traditional prayer or blessing before a meal. Once the food is blessed it becomes Prasad, or sanctified as holy^[10]

Which translates as 'The act of offering is God (Brahma), the oblation is God, By God it is offered into the fire of God, God is That which is to be attained by him who sees God in all.'

This translates as 'Becoming the life-fire in the bodies of living beings, mingling with the upward and downward breaths, I digest the four kinds of food.'^[11]

Traditional Maharashtrian grace invokes the Lord through the shloka of Sant Ramdas namely:

This translates as: Take the name of the Lord when putting a morsel into your mouth.

Other pre-meal traditions

In Japan it is customary to put one's hands together and say "Itadakimasu" {{nihongo||いただきます}} ("I humbly receive") before eating a meal.

In Korea, it is customary to say "Jal meokgesseumnida" (잘 먹겠습니다) ("I will eat well'). The saying is not religious in nature, and usually only occurs when eating with someone else.

In certain Boy Scout circles, especially in Missouri, the "S-F" grace (named after the S-F Scout Ranch in Knob Lick, Missouri) is often said, especially when people at the table are of mixed religions. The S-F grace gives thanks to a "great Spirit",^[12] but is not affiliated with any one religion.

Another common Boy Scout grace is the "Philmont Grace" (named after the Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico) or the "Wilderness Grace". It can be found in use wherever a troop has gone to Philmont, but is most common in the Western half of the United States. It goes: " For food, for raiment, / For life, for opportunities, / For friendship and fellowship, / We thank thee, O Lord."

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/80373#eid2623050 | title=grace, n. | work=Oxford English Dictionary | date=2013 | accessdate=29 September 2014 | quotation=11. [....] A short prayer or blessing offered in thanks before or after eating.}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.interpretermagazine.org/departments/to-be-united-methodist-why-do-we-call-it-grace|title=To Be United Methodist: Why do we call it ‘grace?'|last=Noble|first=Kathy|year=2016|publisher=Interpreter Magazine|language=English|accessdate=30 September 2018}}
3. ^{{Citation |editor=Brother Lawrence |year=1996 |title=Prayer Book (Fourth Edition - Revised) |page=38 |place=Jordanville, NY |publisher=Printshop of St. Job of Pochaev, Holy Trinity Monastery}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|title=The Book of Worship for Church and Home: With Orders of Worship, Services for the Administration of the Sacraments and Other Aids to Worship According to the Usages of the Methodist Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ckw6vgAACAAJ|accessdate=25 March 2017|year=1964|publisher=Methodist Publishing House|language=English |pages=229}}
5. ^ {{dead link|date=November 2012}}
6. ^{{Citation |title=Jewish Dining Etiquette |publisher=About Dishes |url=http://www.aboutdishes.com/art_of_eating/western/jewish.html |accessdate=2007-09-01}}
7. ^{{Citation |author1=Schechter, Solomon |author2=Dembitz, Lewis N. |year=1901 |contribution=Grace at Meals |title=The Jewish Encyclopedia |page=61 |publisher=Funk and Wagnalls |contribution-url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=400&letter=G |accessdate=2007-09-01}}
8. ^¹{{cite book | url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Waqf-e-Nau-Syllabus-S1-B2.pdf | title=Waqf-e-Nau-Syllabus | accessdate=June 6, 2014}}
9. ^http://islam.about.com/od/prayer/qt/DuaMeals.htm
10. ^Butash, Adrian (1993) Bless This Food: Ancient and Contemporary Graces from Around the World p.14, Delacorte Press
11. ^Prayer before eating International Sai Organisation
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.boyscouttrail.com/content/grace/sf_scout_ranch-2095.asp |title=S-F Scout Ranch Grace |publisher=Boyscouttrail.com |accessdate=2012-11-03}}