| 词条 | Grave (unit) |
| 释义 |
The grave was the original name of the kilogram, in an early version of the metric system between 1793 and 1795. HistoryThe modern kilogram has its origins in the Age of Enlightenment and the French Revolution. In 1790 an influential proposal by Talleyrand called for a new system of units, including a unit of length derived from an invariable length in nature, and a unit of mass (then called weight) equal to the mass of a unit volume of water.[1] In 1791, the Commission of Weights and Measures, appointed by the French Academy of Sciences, chose one ten-millionth of the quarter meridian as the unit of length, and named it metre.[2][3] Initially a provisional value was used, based on the old meridian measurement by Lacaille (1740).[4] In 1793 the commission defined the unit of mass as a cubic decimetre of distilled water at 0 °C, and gave it the name grave.[5] Two supplemental unit names, gravet (0.001 grave), and bar (1000 grave), were added to cover the same range as the old units, resulting in the following decimal series of units: milligravet, centigravet, decigravet, gravet, centigrave, decigrave, grave, centibar, decibar, bar.[6][7] The mass of a unit volume of water at 0 °C was accurately determined by Lavoisier and Haüy (18841 grains per cubic provisional decimetre). A prototype of the grave was made in brass. After the graveIn 1795 a new law replaced the three names gravet, grave and bar by a single generic unit name: the gram.[8] The new gram was equal to the old gravet. Four new prefixes (deca, hecto, kilo, and myria) were added to the metric system to cover almost the same range of units as in 1793 (milligram, centigram, decigram, gram, decagram, hectogram, kilogram, myriagram).[9][10] The brass prototype of the grave was renamed to provisional kilogram. In 1799 the provisional units were replaced by the final ones. Delambre and Méchain had completed their new measurement of the meridian, and the final metre was 0.03% smaller than the provisional one. Hence the final kilogram, being the mass of one cubic decimetre of water, was 0.09% lighter than the provisional one. In addition, the temperature specification of the water was changed from 0 °C to 4 °C, the point where the density of water is maximal. This change of temperature added 0.01% to the final kilogram.[11][12] In 1799 a platinum cylinder was made that served as the prototype of the final kilogram. It was called the Kilogramme des Archives as it was stored in the Archives Nationales in Paris. This standard stood for the next ninety years, until being replaced in 1889 by the platinum–iridium International Prototype Kilogram (IPK). See also{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
References1. ^[https://books.google.nl/books?id=XkALSYqPIDYC&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=meridien+la-caille+57030-toises&source=bl&ots=G66HIBFx6i&sig=jX-mW7_TInLG1ehvKw7SGIlB1kU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2496upsXMAhWIC8AKHUJuAR4Q6AEIMDAD#v=snippet&q=%22great%20variety%20in%20our%22&f=false May 1790 Proposal Talleyrand] {{DEFAULTSORT:Grave (Unit)}}2. ^[https://books.google.nl/books?id=FufDNJHvgFEC&pg=RA1-PA278&lpg=RA1-PA278&dq=18841+grains+grave&source=bl&ots=B8Aenskenh&sig=zanQ-d8GXWWN3q6bG2YBbh9bZOM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy0-C5rr7MAhWBLMAKHcG2AhwQ6AEIKTAD#v=snippet&q=%22unite%20usuelle.%20on%22&f=false Rapport March 17, 1791 Ten millionth of meridian] 3. ^[https://books.google.nl/books?id=FufDNJHvgFEC&pg=RA1-PA278&lpg=RA1-PA278&dq=18841+grains+grave&source=bl&ots=B8Aenskenh&sig=zanQ-d8GXWWN3q6bG2YBbh9bZOM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy0-C5rr7MAhWBLMAKHcG2AhwQ6AEIKTAD#v=twopage&q=nommons%20metre&f=false Rapport july 11, 1792 Introduction of the names metre, deci-centi-milli] 4. ^[https://books.google.nl/books?id=gl4vAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA37&dq=metric-system+french+decimetre&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz25ypuMHMAhVCrRoKHfOTBwMQ6AEIJTAA#v=snippet&q=juillet%201794&f=false Decree of August 1, 1793] 5. ^[https://books.google.nl/books?id=FufDNJHvgFEC&pg=RA1-PA278&lpg=RA1-PA278&dq=18841+grains+grave&source=bl&ots=B8Aenskenh&sig=zanQ-d8GXWWN3q6bG2YBbh9bZOM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy0-C5rr7MAhWBLMAKHcG2AhwQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=%22nom%20generique%20de%20grave%22&f=false Rapport january 19, 1793 Name grave and dm3] 6. ^[https://books.google.nl/books?id=QwEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA54&dq=centigravet+decimetre&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBWoVChMI26XQ6Kb5xwIVgossCh3Isgs1#v=onepage&q=centigravet%20decimetre&f=false Instructions abrégée sur les mesures déduites de la grandeur de la terre et sur les calculs relatifs à leur division décimale, 1793: gravet, bar] 7. ^The obsolete unit bar (1000 kg, used between 1793 and 1795) is not to be confused with the newer unit of pressure that was introduced in 1909 (100 kPa) 8. ^The 7 April 1795 Act: gramme 9. ^[https://books.google.nl/books?id=RSoPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA74&dq=%22deux+genres+aura+son+DOUBLE+et+sa+moiti%C3%A9,+afin+de+donner+%C3%A0+la+vente%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAWoVChMIoJ3U2ZaJyAIVxNksCh0ysAvK#v=onepage&q=gravet%20substituez%20gramme&f=false Nouvelle instruction sur les poids et mesures, et sur le calcul décimal, adoptée par l'Agence temporaire des poids et mesures. Claude Antoine Prieur, 1795] 10. ^Decree relating to the weights and measurements 11. ^L’Histoire Du Mètre, La Détermination De L’Unité De Poids 12. ^History of the kilogram 2 : Non-SI metric units|Units of mass |
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