“Great Appalachian Storm of 1950”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Great Appalachian Storm of November 1950 was a large extratropical cyclone which moved through the Eastern United States, causing significant winds, heavy rains east of the Appalachians, and blizzard conditions along the western slopes of the mountain chain. Hurricane-force winds, peaking at {{convert|110|mph|kph}} in Concord, New Hampshire and {{convert|160|mph|kph}} in the New England highlands, disrupted power to 1,000,000 customers during the event. In all, the storm impacted 22 states, killing 353, injuring over 160, and creating US$66.7 million in damage (1950 dollars).^[2] At the time, U.S. insurance companies paid more money out to their policy holders for damage resulting from this cyclone than for any other previous storm or hurricane. The cyclone is also one of only twenty-six storms to rank as a Category 5 on the Regional Snowfall Index.^[3]

Synoptic history

The preceding atmospheric state was one of La Niña conditions, the cold phase of ENSO, which favors a storm track from the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys into the Appalachians.^[4] The cyclone initially formed in southeast North Carolina near a cold front on the morning of November 24 as the main cyclone over the Great Lakes weakened. Rapid development ensued as the surface center began to migrate back into a closed 500 hPa (14.75 inHg)-level (around 6,000 m/20,000 ft above sea level) cyclone, and the cyclone bombed while moving north through Washington D.C. the next morning. The former occluded front to its northwest became a warm front which moved back to the west around the strengthening, and now dominant, southern low pressure center. By the evening of November 25, the cyclone retrograded, or moved northwestward, into Ohio due to a blocking ridge up across eastern Canada. It was at this time that the pressure gradient was its most intense across southern New England and eastern New York. A wide area of +4 standard deviation 850mb winds occurred.^[5] The cyclone moved west over Lake Erie to the north of the upper cyclone before looping over Ohio as the low-level and mid-level cyclone centers coupled. Significant convection within its comma head led to the development of a warm seclusion, or a pocket of low level warm air, near its center which aided in further development due to the increased lapse rates a warmer low level environment affords under a cold low. After the system became stacked with height, the storm slowly spun down as it drifted north and northeast into eastern Canada over the succeeding few days.^[5]

United States effects

This extratropical cyclone rapidly deepened as it moved up the eastern side of the Appalachians during November 24 and November 25 and continued into November 27. Coastal flooding was seen along the U.S. coastline from New Jersey northward.

Southeast

In Alabama, all-time record lows for November were set at Birmingham {{convert|5|F|C}}, Mobile {{convert|22|F|C}}, and Montgomery {{convert|13|F|C}}. Across Florida, all-time record lows for November were set at Apalachicola (24˚F), Pensacola (22˚F), and Jacksonville (23˚F). Within Georgia, all-time record lows for November were set at Atlanta (3˚F), Columbus (10˚F), Augusta (11˚F), and Savannah (15˚F).

Kentucky

New Hampshire

Concord recorded a wind gust of {{convert|110|mph|km/h}} during the height of the storm. Winds at Mount Washington reached {{convert|160|mph|km/h}}.

New York

Sustained winds of 50-60 mph (80–100 km/h) with gusts to {{convert|83|mph|km/h}} were recorded at Albany, New York. A wind gust of {{convert|94|mph|km/h}} was recorded in New York City. Extensive damage was caused by the wind across New York, including massive tree fall and power outages.^[6] Coastal flooding breached dikes at LaGuardia Airport, flooding the runways.^[7] Flooding extended to New York City's Office of Emergency Management on the Lower East Side, in Manhattan.^[8]

Connecticut

Extensive wind damage with tidal flooding along the coast. On the coast structures and railroad tracks washed away. Plows were needed to remove sand from coastal roads. Roofs torn off on the coast and at the University of Connecticut. The tide at New London was 7.58ft MLLW third highest in the last 100 years. Hartford had sustained winds of 70MPH the highest ever on record, 100 MPH gusts also the highest on record were recorded on 3 separate occasions. The 62 MPH sustained wind recorded at Bridgeport is the 4th highest on record. Other gusts 88MPH at Bridgeport and 77MPH at New Haven.^[9]

New Jersey

A wind gust of 108 mph (173.8 km/h), the strongest ever recorded in New Jersey, occurred in Newark^[10].

North Carolina

All-time record lows for November were set at Asheville {{convert| 1|F|C}} and Wilmington {{convert|16|F|C}}.

Ohio

On the storm's west side, nearly a foot of snow fell on Dayton, Ohio, which combined with the wind and cold temperatures, became their worst blizzard on record.^[11] Nearly the entire state was blanketed with {{convert|10|in|cm}} of snow, with 20-30 inches (50–75 cm) being measured in eastern sections of Ohio. The highest report was {{convert|44|in|cm}} from Steubenville.^[12] Snow drifts were up to {{convert|25|ft}} deep. Winds exceeded {{convert|40|mph|km/h}} with gusts as high as {{convert|60|mph|km/h}}. Bulldozers were used to clear roads.^[13] Despite the high winds and snow, the annual football game between the University of Michigan and Ohio State University went on as scheduled in Columbus and was nicknamed the Snow Bowl. When the snow melted during the first four days of December, river flooding occurred in Cincinnati.

Pennsylvania

During the height of the storm, record to near-record flooding occurred along the eastern side of the Appalachians across eastern and central sections of the state. The Schuylkill at Fairmont Dam reached its highest stage since 1902.^[1] In Pittsburgh, {{convert|30.5|in|cm}} of snow accumulated from this cyclone. Tanks were used to clear the resultant snow.^[14] When a warm spell visited the region during the first four days of December, river flooding struck Pittsburgh.

South Carolina

All-time record lows for November were set at Charleston (17˚F) and Greenville (11˚F).

Tennessee

All-time record lows for November were set at Chattanooga (4˚F), Knoxville (5˚F), Memphis (9˚F), and Nashville (-1˚F).

West Virginia

Parkersburg recorded 34.4 inches (87.3 cm) of snowfall during the passage of this low, which exceeded its snowiest November on record by over {{convert|5|in|cm}}. Pickens reported the highest amount from anywhere within the cyclone, with {{convert|57|in|cm}} measured. November 1950 became West Virginia's snowiest month on record.^[15] This remarkably heavy snow led to 160 deaths.

Effects in Canada

Ontario

This system was a major snowstorm for the area, with {{convert|12|in|cm}} in Toronto on November 24. This set a record for single-day snowfall in November.^[16]

Lasting impact

This cyclone was used as a test case for some of the first attempts at numerical modeling of the atmosphere, and is still used as a case study to run recent versions of forecast models. These studies helped create what is now known as the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.^[17]

Other similar storms

Storms during the time frames November 8–10, 1913, October 22–25, 1923, and November 19–22, 1952 were considered analogous to this cyclone.^[18] Despite their similarities, there are some differences. For example, the 1913 event was much more destructive to Great Lakes shipping, while the 1950 storm caused greater snowfall amounts.

See also

References

1. ^¹National Climatic Data Center. Climatological Data: National Summary 1950. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
2. ^National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA'S TOP U. S. WEATHER, WATER AND CLIMATE EVENTS OF THE 20TH CENTURY. Retrieved on 2006-11-25.
3. ^National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Regional Snowfall Index (RSI). Retrieved on 2014-11-18.
4. ^Joe D'Aleo. SOME MEMORABLE LA NINA NOVEMBER STORMS. Retrieved on 2006-11-25.
5. ^Clarence D. Smith, Jr. The Destructive Storm of November 25-27, 1950. Retrieved on 2006-11-25.
6. ^Old Farmers Almanac. Weather -- Thanksgiving Storms. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210162432/http://www.almanac.com/newsletter/sample/index.php |date=December 10, 2006 }} Retrieved on 2006-11-25.
7. ^Richard Monastersky. Acclimating to a Warmer World. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
8. ^Alexis S. Nussbaum. Powerful Hurricanes and Northeasters: Threat to the Big Apple. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203174450/http://www.climate.org/topics/weather/new_york_severe_storm_threat.shtml |date=February 3, 2007 }} Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
9. ^¹The Great Southeaster – November 25, 1950 Meteorologist Ryan Hanrahan November 24, 2012
10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nj.com/weather/index.ssf/2016/08/7_major_weather_records_in_new_jersey.html|title=Extreme weather records in N.J. include 110-degree scorcher|work=NJ.com|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}
11. ^Weather Channel. Storms of the Century: #8 – November 1950 "Appalachian Storm." Retrieved on 2006-11-25.
12. ^Ron Hahn. November. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
13. ^Ohio History. November 23-27, 1950: Great Thanksgiving Storm. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209183609/http://www.ohiohistory.org/etcetera/exhibits/swio/pages/content/1950_thanksgivingStorm.htm |date=December 9, 2006 }} Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
14. ^Remember Pittsburgh. Snow Disaster. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701005134/http://www.rememberpittsburgh.org/3087.html |date=July 1, 2007 }} Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
15. ^National Climatic Data Center. Climate of 2003 - February West Virginia Drought. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
16. ^Weather Doctor. Significant Weather Events: Canada. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
17. ^Robert E. Kistler, Louis Uccellini, and Paul J. Kocin. Thanksgiving Weekend Storm of 1950. Retrieved on 2006-11-25.
18. ^Clarence D. Smith, Jr. and Charlotte L. Roe COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE STORMS OF NOVEMBER 20-22, 1952, AND NOVEMBER 25-27, 1950. Retrieved on 2006-11-25.

External links