| 词条 | Cienfuegos | |||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|official_name = Cienfuegos |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = La Perla del Sur (Pearl of the South) |settlement_type = Municipality |motto = |image_skyline = Street in Cienfuegos (4482).jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Typical street in Cienfuegos |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Escudo-Cienfuegos.jpg |shield_size = 120x90px |image_map = Cienfuegos (Cuban municipal map).png |map_caption = Cienfuegos municipality (red) within Cienfuegos Province (yellow) and Cuba |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Cuba |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Cienfuegos |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1819[1] |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = [2] |area_total_km2 = 333 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = [3] |population_note = |population_total = 164924 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_demonym = Cienfuegueros |timezone = EST |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|22|08|44|N|80|26|11|W|region:CU|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 25 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 55100-55500 |area_code = +53 43 |registration_plate = CF |website = |footnotes = }} Cienfuegos ({{IPA-es|sjeɱˈfweɣos|am}}), capital of Cienfuegos Province, is a city on the southern coast of Cuba.[1] It is located about {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Havana and has a population of 150,000. The city is dubbed La Perla del Sur (Pearl of the South). Cienfuegos literally translates to "one hundred fires"—cien meaning "one hundred", fuegos meaning "fires". History{{see also|Timeline of Cienfuegos}}The area where the city lies was identified as Cacicazgo de Jagua by early Spanish conquistadors. It was originally settled by Taino indigenous people. Cacicazgo translates from the Taino language as "chiefdom". Cacicazgo de Jagua was therefore the chiefdom of Chief Jagua. The city was later settled by French immigrants from Bordeaux and Louisiana led by Don Louis de Clouet on April 22, 1819.[2] The settlers named the city Fernandina de Jagua in honor of King Ferdinand VII of Spain and Chief Jagua.[3] The settlement successively became a town (villa) in 1829, renamed for José Cienfuegos, Captain General of Cuba (1816–19), and a city in 1880. Many of the streets in old town reflect French origins in their names: Bouyón, D'Clouet, Hourruitiner, Gacel, and Griffo, for instance. Cienfuegos port, despite being one of the latest settlements established during the colonial era, soon grew to be a powerful town due to the fertile fields surrounding it and its position on the trade route between Jamaica and South American cities to the southeast and the hinterland provincial capital of Santa Clara to the northeast. Its advantageous trading location on the historically eponymous Bay of Jagua was used by the Cuban sugar oligarchy when a railroad was built between both cities between 1853 and 1860.[4][5] Near Cienfuegos was the scene of a battle during the Spanish–American War on May 11, 1898, between American Marines attempting to sever underwater Spanish communication lines and the Spanish defenders. During the Cuban Revolution, the city saw an uprising against Fulgencio Batista and was bombed in retaliation on September 5, 1957.[6] In 1969 and 1970, Soviet naval vessels visited the city. This appeared to be in violation of the Kennedy-Khrushchev agreements of 1962. However, there was no notice given by the United States and no confrontation ensued.[7] Hurricane Dennis 2005In 2005, Hurricane Dennis made its second landfall near Cienfuegos at about 1:00PM AST (17:00 UTC) with winds of 232 km/h (144 mph) and gusts reaching 285 km/h (177 mph). GeographyNear the entrance to Cienfuegos Bay is Castillo de Jagua (full name: Castillo de Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Jagua), a fortress erected in 1745 for protection against Caribbean pirates. Cienfuegos, one of the chief seaports of Cuba, is a center of the sugar trade as well as coffee and tobacco. While sugarcane is the chief crop, local farmers also grow coffee. DemographicsIn 2004, the municipality of Cienfuegos had a population of 163,824.[8] With a total area of {{convert|333|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},[9] it has a population density of {{convert|492.0|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}. ClimateAccording to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cienfuegos has a tropical savanna climate, abbreviated "Aw" on climate maps. {{Weather box |location = Cienfuegos |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan record high C = 31.1 |Feb record high C = 32.8 |Mar record high C = 33.3 |Apr record high C = 32.8 |May record high C = 34.4 |Jun record high C = 35.0 |Jul record high C = 35.0 |Aug record high C = 34.4 |Sep record high C = 35.0 |Oct record high C = 33.9 |Nov record high C = 32.8 |Dec record high C = 31.7 |year record high C = 35.0 |Jan high C = 27.2 |Feb high C = 27.8 |Mar high C = 28.9 |Apr high C = 29.4 |May high C = 30.6 |Jun high C = 31.7 |Jul high C = 32.2 |Aug high C = 32.2 |Sep high C = 31.7 |Oct high C = 31.1 |Nov high C = 28.3 |Dec high C = 27.8 |year high C = 29.9 |Jan mean C = 22.2 |Feb mean C = 22.3 |Mar mean C = 23.4 |Apr mean C = 24.4 |May mean C = 25.6 |Jun mean C = 26.7 |Jul mean C = 27.2 |Aug mean C = 27.2 |Sep mean C = 26.7 |Oct mean C = 26.7 |Nov mean C = 23.9 |Dec mean C = 22.8 |year mean C = 24.9 |Jan low C = 17.2 |Feb low C = 16.7 |Mar low C = 17.8 |Apr low C = 19.4 |May low C = 20.6 |Jun low C = 21.7 |Jul low C = 22.2 |Aug low C = 22.2 |Sep low C = 21.7 |Oct low C = 21.7 |Nov low C = 19.4 |Dec low C = 17.8 |year low C = 19.9 |Jan record low C = 7.8 |Feb record low C = 7.2 |Mar record low C = 7.2 |Apr record low C = 10.0 |May record low C = 13.3 |Jun record low C = 18.9 |Jul record low C = 20.0 |Aug record low C = 19.4 |Sep record low C = 20.0 |Oct record low C = 15.6 |Nov record low C = 11.1 |Dec record low C = 8.9 |year record low C = 7.2 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 18 |Feb rain mm = 25 |Mar rain mm = 33 |Apr rain mm = 46 |May rain mm = 119 |Jun rain mm = 152 |Jul rain mm = 122 |Aug rain mm = 160 |Sep rain mm = 173 |Oct rain mm = 160 |Nov rain mm = 41 |Dec rain mm = 23 |year rain mm = 1072 |source 1 = Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial[10] }} World Heritage Site{{Main|Historic Centre of Cienfuegos}}In 2005, UNESCO inscribed the Urban Historic Centre of Cienfuegos on the World Heritage List, citing Cienfuegos as the best extant example of early 19th century Spanish Enlightenment implementation in urban planning.[11] The downtown area contains six buildings from 1819–50, 327 buildings from 1851–1900, and 1188 buildings from the 20th century. There is no other place in the Caribbean which contains such a remarkable cluster of Neoclassical structures. SportsCienfuegos fields a team in the Cuban National Series, the Cienfuegos Elefantes. Since joining the league in 1977–78, the best finish the Camaroneros have achieved is a 3rd place showing in the 2010–11 Cuban National Series. Despite finishing with the best record at 59–31, the Elefantes lost the semifinals in six games to the eventual champions, the Pinar del Río Vegueros. Attractions
Notable people
Sister citiesCienfuegos has the following sister cities:
GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cienfuegos|volume=6|page=364}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/vcienfuegos/index.htm|title=Cienfuegos|author=Guije.com|accessdate=2007-10-07|language=es}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Ojeda Cabrera|first1=Mireya|title=Cienfuegos a 190 años de fundada|url=http://www.radiorebelde.cu/de-cuba-y-de-los-cubanos/cienfuegos-190-fundada-20100518/|publisher=Radio Rebelde|accessdate=23 September 2016|language=es}} 4. ^Santa Clara railway station (Cuba) 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Zanetti Lecuona|first1=Oscar|last2=García Alvarez|first2=Alejandro|title=Sugar & Railroads: A Cuban History, 1837–1959|date=27 June 2002|publisher=Scholarly Book Services Inc|isbn=978-0807846926|pages=51–53}} 6. ^Castro speech commemorates Moncada assault {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908143204/http://www1.lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1984/19840726 |date=2006-09-08 }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1982/06/the-soviet-military-buildup-in-cuba|title=The Soviet Military Buildup in Cuba|first=Milton|last=R.|date=|website=The Heritage Foundation|accessdate=7 April 2018}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA%20No_3balance.htm |title=2004 Population trends, by Province and Municipality |author=Atenas.cu |year=2004 |accessdate=2007-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927111826/http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA%20No_3balance.htm |archivedate=2007-09-27 |language=es |deadurl=yes |df= }} 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/ycu.html|title=Municipios of Cuba|author=Statoids|date=July 2003| accessdate=2007-10-07}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/cu-cienf.htm|title=Cuba–Cienfuegos|publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas|accessdate=June 14, 2015}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1202|title=Urban Historic Centre of Cienfuegos|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|date=|website=whc.unesco.org|accessdate=7 April 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sre.gob.mx/gobiernoslocales/|title=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores - Gobierno - gob.mx|author=|date=|website=www.sre.gob.mx|accessdate=7 April 2018}} 13. ^http://www.sre.gob.mx/coordinacionpolitica/images/stories/documentos_gobiernos/rai/jal/jal40.pdf Bibliography{{See also|Timeline of Cienfuegos#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Cienfuegos}}External links{{Commons category}}{{NSRW Poster|Cienfuegos}}
8 : Cienfuegos|Cities in Cuba|Populated places in Cienfuegos Province|Port cities and towns in Cuba|World Heritage Sites in Cuba|Populated places established in 1819|1819 establishments in New Spain|1810s establishments in the Spanish West Indies |
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