| 词条 | Great Wall of Los Angeles |
| 释义 |
| title = The Great Wall of Los Angeles | painting_alignment = right | other_language_1 = Spanish | other_title_1 = | other_language_2 = | other_title_2 = | image_file = Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles2.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | artist = Judy Baca | catalogue = | year = {{start date|1978}} | completion_date = {{start date|1984|df=y}} | type = Public Art, Mural | material = Paint on Concrete | subject = History of California | height_metric = | width_metric = 840 | length_metric = | diameter_metric = | height_imperial = 13 | width_imperial = 2754 | length_imperial = | diameter_imperial = | dimensions = | dimensions_ref = | metric_unit = m | imperial_unit = feet | condition = | city = Los Angeles | museum = | accession = | coordinates = {{coord|34.179084|-118.413782|type:landmark|display=inline}} | owner = | url = The Great Wall of Los Angeles The Great Wall of Los Angeles is a mural designed by Judith Baca and executed with the help of over 400 community youth and artists coordinated by the Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC).[1] It was Baca's first mural[2] and SPARC's first public art project.[3] Its official title is The History of California.[4] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. The Great Wall is located on Coldwater Canyon Ave between Oxnard St & Burbank Blvd and the eastern edge of the Valley College campus in the San Fernando Valley community of Valley Glen on the concrete sides of the Tujunga Wash, part of the drainage system of Los Angeles, California. The mural is 13 feet high, painted directly on concrete.[5] With a length of 2,754 feet (840 m) (covering over 6 city blocks)[6] it is credited as one of the longest murals in the world.[1][7] Subject matter and styleThe Great Wall of Los Angeles depicts the history of California "as seen through the eyes of women and minorities" in many connected panels.[6] The first panels begin with prehistory and colonialism. The very first panel was designed by Christina Schlesinger and depicts native wildlife and the creation story of the indigenous Chumash.[2] Most of the following panels deal with events of the 20th century, including Chinese labor contributions to the United States, refugees from the Dust Bowl, the Great Depression, the Japanese-American internment of World War II, the Zoot Suit Riots, the Freedom Bus rides, the disappearance of Rosie the Riveter,[7] Gay rights activism, the story of Biddy Mason,[8] deportations of Mexican-Americans, the birth of Rock and Roll and the development of suburbia.[6] The wall covers the history of California up to the 1950s. Each section of the wall was designed by a different artist under the supervision of Baca.[4] The Great Wall of Los Angeles places emphasis on the often overlooked history of Native Americans, minorities, LGBTQ-identified people and those fighting for civil rights.[9] Baca recalls that at the time, there was a lack of public art that represented the diverse heritage of Los Angeles.[2] It was created in conjunction with the rise of the Chicano Movement of the 1960s-1980s.[10] The mural is considered a cultural landmark.[8] Because the Great Wall depicts historical events, the mural is part of Grant High School and Valley College's curriculum.[11] The style of the mural is considered to be Social Realism.[12] The subject matter of the Great Wall doesn't shy away from uncomfortable aspects of current and past social practices.[13] The design and composition of the wall are also considered major aspects of the art's appeal.[8] Baca's composition, using sweeping lines broken up by a sense of movement from the characters and subjects depicted.[8] HistoryThe possibility of creating the mural was first brought up in 1974 when Baca was contacted by the Army Corps of Engineers about a beautification project.[4][7] While Baca was working as a consultant for the Tujunga Wash Greenbelt Project, she was offered the chance to beautify the flood-control channel.[1][14] The wall along the river was considered an ugly eyesore, or in Baca's view, "a scar where the river once ran."[2] The Great Wall as an idea was more fully fleshed out in 1976 by Baca.[7] Baca chose to do an epic-sized history of Los Angeles county, going back as far as the time of the dinosaurs.[1] She first researched highlights of Los Angeles history on her own.[1] During the summer of 1977, Baca studied at the Taller Siqueiros in Cuernavaca to reinforce her knowledge of mural techniques: studying preservation, chemistry and more.[1] One important subject that she learned was the polyangular theory of David Alfaro Siqueiros, which deals with the differences between mural and easel painting.[8] After Baca returned from studying mural-making techniques, she, with the help of her associates, converted an abandoned Venice police station into mural headquarters.[1] There, she was able to coordinate workshops, archive materials relating to the project and other programs. The project was named SPARC. In addition to the many experts in various academic fields,[2] Baca recruited a team of artists to help with the project including Isabel Castro, Yreina Cervantez, Judith Hernandez, Olga Munoz, Patssi Valdez, Margaret Garcia, Christina Schlesinger,[6] Judy Chicago and Gary Tokumoto.[15] With the additional help of the City, the Corps of Engineers and SPARC, Baca was ready to start work by the summer of 1978.[1] Each section of the Great Wall was developed through a process called "Imagining of Content," which was developed at SPARC.[2] The process includes research, inviting experts in various fields relating to the content, and members of the group working collectively to decide important cultural, political, artistic and historical stories. The process also includes interviewing people who lived through parts of history, if possible.[2] Imagining of Content is designed to help weed out biases.[2] The artists involved with the process would take the information, create thumbnail sketches and then submit these drawings to critique.[2] The chosen thumbnails were finished in color and then later, transferred to the wall in large scale.[2] The process from start to finish for each section of the wall took about a year from start to finish.[4] Originally, 80 young people from the juvenile justice program were recruited to help work on the mural.[2] They worked about 25 hours a week and made minimum wage.[12] The diversity of backgrounds among the young people was a challenge for Baca to coordinate.[1] She recalls that there were "warring neighborhoods" and that her teams spoke many different languages.[2] In addition, the people who lived in the middle-class neighborhood of Tujunga Wash were skeptical that this "invasion of juvenile delinquents" would behave themselves.[1] Baca found a way to make things work harmoniously. She was labeled by her young workers as the "mural lady".[2] She mentored many young people during the project.[16] Baca felt that they were able to learn many useful skills, such as math, history and art.[1] This was important since many of them had few of these skills mastered at the time.[12] In the years 1981 and 1983, additional young people were hired through a grant from the Jewish Community Foundation.[4] The names of the young people who worked on the Great Wall are recorded in various places on the mural.[6] Over 400 young people helped paint the mural over the course of 6 summers.[7] In addition, the work of 40 historians and 40 different artists help make the Great Wall a reality.[2] Towards the very end of the project, a flood washed away all of the necessary materials the artists needed to finish the project, including the scaffolding.[17] The community donated $20,000 which was collected in the span of two weeks to help the artists complete their work.[17] The Great Wall was finished in 1984.[7] Refurbishing and the futureOver time, the mural suffered environmental damage and required restoration.[15] Between 1976 and 1983, the mural was flooded five times.[4] Pollution and direct sun also eroded the art. It was estimated that it would cost over $400,000 to restore the Great Wall.[15] A wooden pedestrian bridge that was used to view the wall became too worn over time and was removed as well.[18] It was restored in 2011.[8] The Santa Barbara-based Youth CineMedia program were chosen as the "official documentarians" of the restoration project in 2011.[19] Restoration of the mural included artists and some of the original youth from the project putting in 8- and 12-hour days to complete the work.[11] Plans for a bridge and solar lighting to allow additional viewing of the mural has been proposed as of 2014.[18] A bridge will allow visitors to the mural to get closer to the art.[11] The bridge was supposed to be part of the 2011 refurbishing project, but was never completed.[18] The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors approved a plan for the pedestrian bridge in 2014.[20] The project is estimated to cost around $1.3 million and will be funded by the county, the City, the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy and the California Cultural Historical Endowment.[20] Plans to continue the history of California beyond the 1950s are in the works. The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) has provided funds for the initial designs for the 1960s panel[21] and for the scenes from the '70s and '80s.[22] SPARC plans for the mural to be a mile long when sections for the 1970s through the 1990s are complete.[21] In addition to a pedestrian bridge and additional history panels, plans for picnic tables, restrooms, educational information and benches are being considered.[21] Comments by Baca"Public art in America has taken a shift; it's basically becoming decorative. They've reduced the community process to censorship. The Great Wall, for example, could not be done today."—Judith Baca, 2000[6] "It's not just history, it's really about relationships—about connecting."—Judith Baca, 2004[5] "The people who have worked on this project gave much more than their time. They made a giant monument to interracial harmony."—Judith Baca, 2000[17] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{Cite book|title = Chicano Art History: A Book of Selected Readings|last = Rickey|first = Carrie|publisher = Research Center for the Arts and Humanities|year = 1984|isbn = |location = San Antonio, Texas|pages = 87–91|chapter = The Writing on the Wall|editor-last = Quirarte|editor-first = Jacinto}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{Cite journal|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=17394953&site=ehost-live|title = The Human Story at the Intersection of Ethics, Aesthetics and Social Justice|last = Baca|first = Judith F.|date = 1 June 2005|journal = Journal of Moral Education|doi = 10.1080/03057240500137029|pmid = |access-date = 24 March 2015|volume = 34|issue = 2|pages = 153–169}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url = http://sparcinla.org/programs/the-great-wall-mural-los-angeles/|title = The Great Wall Explained|date = |accessdate = 24 March 2015|website = Social and Public Art Resource Center|publisher = |last = |first = }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url = http://sparcinla.org/the-great-wall-part-2/|title = How it Happened|date = |accessdate = 24 March 2015|website = Social and Public Art Resource Center|publisher = |last = |first = }} 5. ^1 {{Cite journal|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=13151029&site=ehost-live|title = Back to the Wall|last = |first = |date = 24 May 2004|journal = People|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 24 March 2015|volume = 61|page = 98|issue = 20}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite journal|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=2681998&site=ehost-live|title = Great Walls, Vibrant Voices|last = Wyels|first = Joyce Gregory|date = 2000|journal = Americas|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 24 March 2015|volume = 52|page = 22|issue = 1|issn = 0379-0940}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite news|url = http://www.dailynews.com/20110916/great-wall-of-la-gets-a-face-lift|title = Great Wall of L.A. Gets a Face-Lift|last = Abram|first = Susan|date = 16 September 2011|work = Los Angeles Daily News|access-date = 23 March 2015}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite news|url = http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/columns/arts/murals/the-great-wall-saved-history-from-eradication-now-it-survives-its-own-erosion.html|title = The Great Wall Saved History from Eradication, and Now it Survives its Own Erosion|last = Fuentes|first = Ed|date = 14 September 2011|work = KCET|access-date = 23 March 2015}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=9605174251&site=ehost-live|title = Judith F. Baca: Community and Culture in the United States|last = Pohl|first = Francis|date = 1 March 1996|journal = Women's Studies|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |issn = 0049-7878|volume = 25|issue = 3|pages = 215–237}} 10. ^{{Cite book|title = Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles|last = Acuña|first = Rodolfo F.|publisher = Verso|date = 17 April 1996|isbn = 9781859840313|location = |pages = 13|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0lQXqQPNOUcC&lpg=PR9&ots=7AiXBLq415&dq=%22great%20wall%20of%20los%20angeles%22&lr&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=%22great%20wall&f=false|access-date = 25 March 2015}} 11. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url = http://patch.com/california/studiocity/the-great-wall-along-the-la-river-reflects-american-history|title = L.A. River's 'Great Wall' Redefines American History|last = Bajra|first = Emina|date = 16 September 2011|work = Studio City Patch|access-date = 24 March 2015}} 12. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/08/nyregion/art-2-shows-contrast-social-realism-and-conceptualism.html|title = 2 Shows Contrast Social Realism and Conceptualism|last = Raynor|first = Vivien|date = 8 November 1981|work = The New York Times|access-date = 24 March 2015}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|jstor = 215024|title = Mexican American Exterior Murals|last = Arreola|first = Daniel D.|date = October 1984|journal = Geographical Review|doi = |pmid = |volume = 74|issue = 4|pages = 409–424}} 14. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/lariver/convergence/the-great-wall-of-los-angeles-1.html|title = The Great Wall of Los Angeles|last = Prieto|first = Angel|date = 12 January 2011|work = KCET|access-date = 23 March 2015}} 15. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/arts/art-architecture-where-miles-of-murals-preach-a-people-s-gospel.html|title = Art/Architecture; Where Miles of Murals Preach a People's Gospel|last = Tannenbaum|first = Barbara|date = 26 May 2002|work = The New York Times|access-date = 24 March 2015}} 16. ^{{Cite book|title = Saber es Poder/Interventions Urban Revisions: Current Projects for the Public Realm|last = Baca|first = Judith Francisca|publisher = The Museum of Contemporary Art|year = 1994|isbn = |location = Los Angeles, California|pages = 5–11|url = http://icaadocs.mfah.org/icaadocs/THEARCHIVE/FullRecord/tabid/88/doc/803081/language/en-US/Default.aspx|chapter = Whose Monument Where? Public Art in a Many-Cultured Society|access-date = 23 March 2015}} 17. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url = http://articles.latimes.com/2000/oct/30/local/me-44271|title = Mural Restoration Paints Bright Future|last = Risling|first = Greg|date = 30 October 2000|work = Los Angeles Times|access-date = 24 March 2015}} 18. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url = http://la.curbed.com/archives/2014/01/you_might_finally_be_able_to_view_the_great_wall_of_los_angeles.php|title = You Might Finally be Able to View the Great Wall of Los Angeles|last = Barragan|first = Bianca|date = 22 January 2014|work = Curbed: Los Angeles|access-date = 24 March 2015}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.edhat.com/site/tidbit.cfm?nid=62592|title = Great Wall of Los Angeles|last = |first = |date = 30 July 2011|work = Edhat Santa Barbara|access-date = 24 March 2015}} 20. ^1 {{Cite news|url = http://www.dailynews.com/government-and-politics/20140121/great-wall-of-los-angeles-mural-okd-for-pedestrian-access|title = Great Wall of Los Angeles Mural OK'd for Pedestrian Access|last = |first = |date = 21 January 2014|work = Los Angeles Daily News|access-date = 24 March 2015}} 21. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julia-wasson/post_8090_b_5619289.html|title = Learning Los Angeles: Debra Padilla, Arts and Activism|last = Wasson|first = Julia|date = 28 July 2014|work = Huffington Post|access-date = 24 March 2015|last2 = Weiss|first2 = Cathy}} 22. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-nea-grants-california-marilyn-monroe-my-lai-20141204-story.html|title = NEA Grants Go To Musical Works About Marilyn Monroe, My Lai Massacre|last = Boehm|first = Mike|date = 5 December 2014|work = Los Angeles Times|access-date = 24 March 2015}} External links{{Portal|Los Angeles}}{{Attached KML|display=inline,title}}
8 : Chicano|Mexican-American culture in Los Angeles|Murals in California|Murals in Los Angeles|Art in the Greater Los Angeles Area|National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles|San Fernando Valley|1976 paintings |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。