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Greek nationalism (or Hellenic nationalism) refers to the nationalism of Greeks and Greek culture.[1] As an ideology, Greek nationalism originated and evolved in pre-modern times.[2][3][4] It became a major political movement beginning in the 18th century, which culminated in the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) against the Ottoman Empire.[1] It became a potent movement in Greece shortly prior to, and during World War I under the leadership of nationalist figure Eleftherios Venizelos who pursued the Megali Idea and managed to liberate Greece in the Balkan Wars and after World War I, briefly annexed the region of İzmir before it was retaken by Turkey.[1] Today Greek nationalism remains important in the Greco-Turkish dispute over Cyprus.[1]HistoryThe establishment of Panhellenic sites served as an essential component in the growth and self-consciousness of Greek nationalism.[2] During the Greco-Persian Wars of the 5th century BCE, Greek nationalism was formally established though mainly as an ideology rather than a political reality since some Greek states were still allied with the Persian Empire.[3] Aristotle and Hippocrates offered a theoretical approach on the superiority of the Greek tribes.[4] When the Byzantine Empire was ruled by the Paleologi dynasty (1261–1453), a new era of Greek patriotism emerged, accompanied by a turning back to ancient Greece.[5] Some prominent personalities at the time also proposed changing the Imperial title from "basileus and autocrat of the Romans" to "Emperor of the Hellenes".[5] This enthusiasm for the glorious past constituted an element that was present in the movement that led to the creation of the modern Greek state, in 1830, after four centuries of Ottoman imperial rule.[5] Popular movements calling for enosis (the incorporation of disparate Greek-populated territories into a greater Greek state) resulted in the accession of Crete (1908), Ionian Islands (1864) and Dodecanese (1947). Calls for enosis were also a feature of Cypriot politics during British Rule. During the troubled interwar years, some Greek nationalists viewed Orthodox Christian Albanians, Aromanians and Bulgarians as communities that could be assimilated into the Greek nation.[6] Greek irredentism, the "Megali Idea" suffered a setback in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), and the Greek genocide. Since then, Greco-Turkish relations have been characterized by tension between Greek and Turkish nationalism, culminating in the Turkish invasion of Cyprus (1974). Nationalism played a significant role in Greek politics during the first century and a half of existence of the Greek state. Nationalist parties, past and present, include: - Nationalist Party (1865–1913) (defunct)
- Liberal Party (1910-1961) (defunct)
- Freethinkers' Party (1922–1936) (defunct)
- Greek Rally (1951–1955) (defunct)
- 4th of August Party (1965–1977) (defunct)
- National Alignment (1977–1981) (defunct)
- Party of Hellenism (1981–2004) (defunct)
- National Political Union (1984–1996) (defunct)
- Hellenic Front (1994–2005) (defunct)
- Front Line (1999–2000) (defunct)
- Patriotic Alliance (2004–2007) (defunct)
- Popular Orthodox Rally (2000–) (active)
- Society – Political Party of the Successors of Kapodistrias (2008–) (active)
- National Hope (2010–) (active)
- National Front (2012–) (active)
- Golden Dawn (1980–) (parliamentary)
- Independent Greeks (2012–) (parliamentary)
- United Popular Front (2011–) (active)
- National Unity Association (2011–) (active)
- National Unity (2016–) (active)
- New Right (2016–) (active)
GallerySee also- Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
- Filiki Eteria
- Ethniki Etaireia
- Ion Dragoumis
- Eleftherios Venizelos
- Ioannis Metaxas
- Georgios Grivas
ReferencesCitations1. ^1 2 3 {{harvnb|Motyl|2001|loc="Greek Nationalism", pp. 201–203}}.
2. ^1 {{harvnb|Burckhardt|1999|loc=p. 168: "The establishment of these Panhellenic sites, which yet remained exclusively Hellenic, was a very important element in the growth and self-consciousness of Hellenic nationalism; it was uniquely decisive in breaking down enmity between tribes, and remained the most powerful obstacle to fragmentation into mutually hostile poleis."}}
3. ^1 {{harvnb|Wilson|2006|loc="Persian Wars", pp. 555–556}}.
4. ^{{harvnb|Hope|2007|loc=p. 177: "Hippocrates and Aristotle both theorized the geography was responsible for the differences between peoples. Not surprisingly, both writers theorized their own Greek tribes as superior to all other human collectives."}}
5. ^1 2 3 {{harvnb|Vasiliev|1952|p=582}}.
6. ^{{harvnb|Çaǧaptay|2006|p=161}}.
Sources{{refbegin|2}}- {{cite book|last=Burckhardt|first=Jacob|title=The Greeks and Greek Civilization|year=1999|origyear=1872|location=New York|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-24447-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6viARAF6uowC|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last=Çaǧaptay|first=Soner|title=Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk?|year=2006|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group)|isbn=978-0-415-38458-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0xU7NjkkqAC|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last=Hope|first=Laura Leigh Bevis|title=Staging the Nation/Confronting Nationalism: Theatre and Performance by Contemporary Irish and German Women|year=2007|location=Davis, CA|publisher=University of California, Davis|url=https://books.google.gr/books?hl=el&id=_mZ9eD8FA4sC|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last=Motyl|first=Alexander J.|authorlink=Alexander J. Motyl|title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II|year=2001|location=London and San Diego|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-054524-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvHRNNk9hHEC|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last=Vasiliev|first=Aleksandr Aleksandrovich|title=History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453, Volume II|year=1952|location=Madison, WI|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-80926-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2X8LtjDLNl8C|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Nigel|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece|year=2006|location=New York, NY|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group)|isbn=978-1-136-78799-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TzjAQAAQBAJ|ref=harv}}
{{refend|2}}Further reading- {{cite journal|last=Moles|first=Ian N.|title=Nationalism and Byzantine Greece|journal=Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies|volume=10|number=1|year=1969|pages=95–107|url=http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/10651/4317}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}}{{Greek nationalism}} 2 : Greek nationalism|Politics of Greece |