请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Greek pyramids
释义

  1. Background

  2. Excavations and dating

  3. Dimensions

  4. References

  5. Sources

  6. External links

{{coord|format=dms|display=title}}Greek pyramids, also known as the Pyramids of Argolis, refers to several structures located in the plain of Argolid, Greece. The best known of these is known as the Pyramid of Hellinikon. In the time of the geographer Pausanias it was considered to be a tomb. Twentieth century researchers have suggested other possible uses.[1]

Background

In addition to at least two pyramids which exist no longer, there are two surviving pyramid-like structures still available to study, one at Hellenikon and the other at Ligourio/Ligurio, a village near the ancient theatre Epidaurus.

At the Southeastern edge of the plain of Argolid, near the springs of the Erasinos river (nowadays Kephalari) and on the main arterial road which in antiquity led from Argos to Tegea and the rest of Arcadia and Kynouria, there is a small structure extant known as the Pyramid of Hellenikon.

Although these structures are of great interest, written references are rather scarce and they are not mentioned in ancient sources. Pausanias (2nd century AD) mentions two buildings resembling pyramids, one, twelve miles southwest of the still standing structure at Hellinikon,[2] a common tomb for soldiers who died in a legendary struggle for the throne of Argos and another which he was told was the tomb of Argives killed in a battle around 669/8 BC. Neither of these still survive.

On the way from Argos to Epidauria there is on the right a building made very like a pyramid, and on it in relief are wrought shields of the Argive shape. Here took place a fight for the throne between Proetus and Acrisius; the contest, they say, ended in a draw, and a reconciliation resulted afterwards, as neither could gain a decisive victory. The story is that they and their hosts were armed with shields, which were first used in this battle. For those that fell on either side was built here a common tomb, as they were fellow citizens and kinsmen.[3]

Excavations and dating

The pyramidal in Hellenikon was excavated first by Wiegand,[4] who essentially removed all the fill from the floor. Later on in 1937, more excavation was made by the American School of Archaeology at Athens under the direction of L. Lord who concluded that both the structure at Ligurio and the one at Cephalaria were "guard houses capable of accommodating a small garrison who could control the countryside and be safe behind their walls from surprise attacks by a few persons."[5] Amongst the findings are a large pithos, the floor of the long corridor and the room, re-carved from repairs, entrance door, and parts of the wall, infill from earlier excavations. Some ceramics of Protohelladic II period (2800–2500 BC) were attributed by S. Wienberg, a member of the team. Their location and distribution however is not described clearly,.[6] There are also room foundations and mortars from later uses of the building, as well as dirt with ceramics of classical period (lamps, house ware), and some few coarse sherds of doubtful age, and some Roman lamps, all of which are mixture-disturbed so stratigraphy is not possible. The infill at the floor varies between 20–60 cm.

There is considerable controversy about the dates of these structures, with conflict between dating based on archeological excavations and dating through what was at the time the new technique of thermoluminescence dating, Ioannis Liritzis and his team argue for an early date through five sub-projects: 1) geophysical prospection inside and around the two pyramidals at Hellenikon and Ligourio, where buried monuments were discovered,[7] 2) these results directed the archaeological excavations carried out by archaeologist A.Sampson and archaeologists of the Archaeological Museum of Nauplion. Amongst the new finds were foundations of rooms, ceramics of Classical, Hellenistic, Roman and Protochristian periods, and protohelladic II in the exterior foundations of Hellenikon above the bedrock. A comparative study of masonries was also made,[8][9] 3) astronomical orientation of the long entrance corridor was found related to the rise of Orion’s belt occurring in c. 2000-2400 BC,[10] 4) the dating of some parts of the overlying large megalithic blocks in the wall, with the novel thermoluminescence dating method of rock surfaces. Sampling was chosen for their firmness and lack of sun exposure of internal contact surfaces, by removing a few milligrams of powder from pieces in firm contact. Seven pieces gave an age range of c. 2000–2500 BC,[11][12][13] while two ceramic sherds of non-diagnostic typology one from Hellenikon and one from Ligourio dated by TL and OSL gave concordant ages of 3000±250 BC and 660±200 BC respectively.[14] This time frame would place construction of these structures at a time overlapping the construction of the pyramids in Egypt.

Mary Lefkowitz has criticised this research. She suggests that some of the research was done not to determine the reliability of the dating method, as was suggested, but to back up an assumption of age and to make certain points about pyramids and Greek civilization. She notes that not only are the results not very precise, but that other structures mentioned in the research are not in fact pyramids, e.g. a tomb alleged to be the tomb of Amphion and Zethus near Thebes, a structure at Stylidha (Thessaly) which is just a long wall, etc. She also notes the possibility that the stones that were dated might have been recycled from earlier constructions. She also notes that earlier research from the 1930s, confirmed in the 1980s by Fracchia, was ignored. She argues that they undertook their research using a novel, previously untested methodology in order to confirm a predetermined theory about the age of these structures.[15]

Liritzis responded in a journal article published in 2011, stating that Lefkowitz failed to understand and misinterpreted the methodology.[16]

A. Sampson wrote that it was "already proved that the monument stood on Protohelladic constructions, therefore it was built in a later time. Besides, the masonry of the pyramid, similar to that of Ligourio, leads us to the Classic or Late Classic years. A new method for dating the stone, recently applied to the pyramids, indicated a too early dating in the 4th and 3rd millennium BC, which of course cannot be accepted."[17]

Archaeologists on an ancient pyramid-like structure on the Greek island of Keros found the 4,000-year-old site with complex series of drainage tunnels and metalwork[18] that was “unusually sophisticated” for the time. The discovery was made in September 2018.[19]

Dimensions

The dimensions of the rectangular building surrounding the pyramid of Hellinikon are 7.03 meters by 9.07 metres. The external walls rise at a 60 degree angle up to 3.5 metres. The walls then become vertical in order to support the floor of the building. The entire monument is built from grey limestone from the district in the form of large blocks used in a trapezoidal/partially polygonal system.[20]

References

1. ^Louis E. Lord, Watchtowers and Fortresses in Argolis, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 43, No. 1 (January - March, 1939), pp. 78-84 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/499135]
2. ^{{cite book|title=Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-30593-8|author=Mary Lefkowitz|authorlink=Mary Lefkowitz|editor=Garrett G. Fagan|page=188|chapter=Archaeology and the politics of origins}}
3. ^Pausanias, Description of Greece 2:25
4. ^Wiegand, T 1901, Die pyramide von Kenchreai. Athen. Mitteilungen, xxvi, 341-246
5. ^Lord, L, 1938. The "Pyramids" of Argolid. Hesperia, vii, 4, 481-538
6. ^Lord, p.508, 538
7. ^Theocaris P., Liritzis I., Lagios E., and Sampson A. (1997. Geophysical prospection and archaeological test excavation and dating in two Hellenic pyramids. Surveys in Geophysics, 17, 593-618
8. ^Liritzis, Ι 1998 The mystery of the Hellenic pyramidals, Athens, in Greek with English summary
9. ^Theocaris P., Liritzis I., Lagios E., and Sampson A. (1997) Geophysical prospection and archaeological test excavation and dating in two Hellenic pyramids. Surveys in Geophysics, 17, 593-618
10. ^Liritzis I. 1998. Bronze Age Greek Pyramids and Orion's belt. Griffith Observer, vol.63, n.10, 10-21
11. ^Liritzis,Ι. 1994 A new dating method by thermoluminescence of carved megalithic stone building. Comptes Rendus (Académie des Sciences), Paris, t. 319, Série II, 603-610
12. ^Liritzis.I (1994) Archaeometry: Dating the past. EKISTICS, t.368/364, 361-366
13. ^Theocaris P.S., Liritzis I. and Galloway R.B. (1994). Dating of two Hellenic pyramids by a novel application of thermoluminescence. J. Archaeological Science, 24, 399-405
14. ^Liritzis I., Galloway R.B. and Theocaris P. 1994 Thermoluminescence dating of ceramics revisited: Optical stimulated luminescence of quartz single aliquot with green light emitting diodes. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Letters, 188 (3), 189-198
15. ^{{cite book|title=Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-30593-8|author=Mary Lefkowitz|authorlink=Mary Lefkowitz|editor=Garrett G. Fagan|page=195-195|chapter=Archaeology and the politics of origins}}
16. ^Liritzis Ioannis, "Surface dating by luminescence: An Overview" GEOCHRONOMETRIA 38(3) 292-302, June issue, https://www.springer.com/alert/urltracking.do?id=L1a5692M7cfc5eSae2cd93
17. ^Sampson, A 1996. The pyramids of Argolid and their meaning. Archaeology, t.57, 56-61, in Greek
18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/18/complex-engineering-and-metal-work-discovered-beneath-ancient-greek-pyramid|title=Complex engineering and metal-work discovered beneath ancient Greek 'pyramid'|last=Kennedy|first=Maev|date=2018-01-18|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-09-19}}
19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.rt.com/news/416375-technology-discovered-ancient-greek-pyramid-keros/|title=Sophisticated technology unearthed beneath ancient Greek 'pyramid'|work=RT International|access-date=2018-09-19|language=en-US}}
20. ^. "Greece." European Pyramids. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr 2012. .

Sources

  • Theodore Wiegand, Monograph of 1901.
  • Louis E. Lord, The "Pyramids" of Argolis, Hesperia, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1938), pp. 481–527, {{doi|10.2307/146570}}, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/146570].
  • Louis E. Lord, M. Alison Frantz, Carl Roebuck, Blockhouses in the Argolid, Hesperia, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1941), pp. 93–112 {{doi|10.2307/146534}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/146534].
  • "Greece." European Pyramids. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr 2012. .

External links

  • Theodossiou, Efstratios; Manimanis, Vassilios N.; Dimitrijević, Milan S.; Katsiotis, Marco, The pyramids of Greece: Ancient meridian observatories? Bulgarian Astronomical Journal, Vol. 16, p. 130 (2011)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416140113/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104a/e211da11.html The Pyramid of Hellenikon]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20050910194648/http://users.hol.gr/~savaidis/pyramid/pyram1.htm Greek Pyramids (in Greek)]
  • Η Πυραμίδα του Ελληνικού

4 : Pyramids in Greece|Ancient Argolis|Hellenistic civilization|Buildings and structures in Argolis
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 14:06:02