| 词条 | Greysouthen |
| 释义 |
| official_name = Greysouthen |country = England | region= North West England | static_image= The Old Punchbowl Pub in Greysouthen.jpg | static_image_caption= The Old Punchbowl Pub in Greysouthen | static_image_alt= The Old Punchbowl pub in Greysouthen | population = 631 |population_ref=(2011)[1] | os_grid_reference = NY07086 29077 | post_town = Cockermouth | postcode_area = CA | postcode_district = CA13 | dial_code = 019000 | constituency_westminster = Copeland | civil_parish= Greysouthen | london_distance_mi = 250 | london_direction = S | shire_district = Allerdale | shire_county = Cumbria | coordinates = {{coord|54.648|-3.441|display=inline,title}} }} Greysouthen (Pronounced: "Grey-soon") is a village and civil parish between the towns of Workington and Cockermouth, in Cumbria, North West England. The village has an historic association with coal mining. HistoryJohn Marius Wilson's 1870 Imperial Gazetteer described Greysouthen as a settlement of 136 houses, an agricultural implement factory, a Quakers' chapel, a Wesleyan chapel and a flex mill.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} In 1901 Greysouthen civil parish had an area of 1,558 acres[2] MiningEvidence of settlers digging for coal across west Cumbria can be dated back to the 13th century.[3] This was the source of developing tools and weaponry in order to survive.[3]{{failed verification|date=June 2014}} Evidence of mining for coal within the Greysouthen area can be seen from the late 16th century.[4] The largest portion of Greysouthen's Coal lease was sold to William Walker & Company in 1787. The business continued to remain profitable for the next 80 years. In 1800 another firm{{which|date=June 2014}} took claim to a portion of the Greysouthen coal extraction industry. Wilson & Company invested in another Colliery within Greysouthen.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} The two colliery's distributed coal tokens which represented the success of the mines. Between these two mines a feud broke out over mine space. Wilson & Co was fined £16,000 damages over illegally mining William Walker & Company's land. This was a highly prolific{{elucidate|date=June 2014}} case within the north of England with much public interest.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} By the start of the 19th century Greysouthen's thriving mining industry had become the sole employer. To house miners, small rows of cottages were built within the town. In 1823 Joseph Birbeck and J.W. Flecter began mining in Greysouthen. A tax value of £20 was introduced for the annual lease of 400 tons of coal. For every ton mined over this, an additional tax of 1 shilling was applied.[5] The Melgramfitz pit was closed in 1886, which led to the end of the Greysouthen as a coal mining community.[2] Greysouthen's 19th-century miners were known for their ale consumption, which magistrates felt was their prime concern.[6] CommunityGreysouthen is surrounded by farmland through which two streams run. The village is divided into two by the local residents – "up the went" and "down the went". The 'went' is a hill at the centre of Greysouthen.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} The village's few services include a village hall which is no longer used as a Post Office on Monday afternoons being replaced in 2015 by a mobile van, and Iyengar yoga classes on Thursday evenings, taught by Jo Cook. St Josephs Roman Catholic Church is approximately {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} from the centre of the village. Greysouthen has one large playing field with an adventure playground, football pitch, and a garden commemorating the Queen's Silver Jubilee.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Greysouthen no longer receives a bus service about ten times daily, with connections to Workington and Cockermouth. The service was subsidised by the county council and operated by minor bus companies. It ended in 2015. The village is in the catchment area for Paddle Primary School in the neighbouring village of Eaglesfield. The nearest secondary school is at Cockermouth, and is Specialist School for Mathematics, Computing and Languages, and teaches over 1400 students.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} The parish council has been supporting Cumbrian rural communities over the introduction of superfast broadband and mobile coverage. Superfast broadband was activated in the village in January 2015. {{citation needed|date=June 2014}} EcologyThere are 7 beaches within {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} of Greysouthen, Siddick is the closest at about {{convert|5|mi|km|0}}; the second closest is Maryport then Workington, Allonby South, Allonby, Parton and Whitehaven. The Greysouthen area supports a variety of bird species including northern lapwings, common snipes, Eurasian curlews, common woodpigeons, buzzards, Eurasian oystercatchers, common pheasants, Eurasian sparrowhawks, and quail. Red squirrels are also found. Orange tips, red admirals, and painted lady butterflies occur within the area.[7] Locally growing west Cumbrian wild plants include the greater butterfly orchid, early purple orchid and yellow rattle.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Population{{Historical populations|title = Population growth in Greysouthen since 1880 |align = center |cols = 4 |footnote = |source = [8] |1880|700 |1890|550 |1900|490 |1910|525 |1920|514 |1930|506 |1950|502 |1960|500 }}{{clear left}} The population of Greysouthen between 1880 and 1900 fell by about 210 people in a 20-year period, this a period after the closure of the local mines. The sphere of influence and pull factors{{elucidate|date=June 2014}} keeping residents in the village must have been removed. It is most likely many migrated in search of work.{{according to whom|date=June 2014}} The population increased by about 35 to approximately 525 in 1910, before steadily decreasing to about 500 in 1960.[8] The population of Greysouthen has remained between 500 and 700 since 1960.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} See also{{portal|Cumbria}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124026&c=CA13+0UF&d=16&e=62&g=6410973&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1434539865331&enc=1|title=Parish population 2011|accessdate=17 June 2015}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|title= The Flectchers|url=http://www.fivenine.co.uk/local_history_notebook/Broughton%20Cross/fletchers.htm|publisher= Bulmer's History & Directory Of Cumberland, 1901 |accessdate=2 May 2013}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|title= Visit Cumbria|url=http://www.visitcumbria.com/history.htm|publisher= VisitCumbria |accessdate=2 May 2013}} 4. ^{{cite web|title= Cumbria's Past History|url=http://cumbriapast.com/ms/pdf/projects2010.pdf|publisher= Cumbria past |accessdate=2 May 2013}}{{page needed|date=June 2014}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Cumbria mining history explained|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionscum15collgoog/transactionscum15collgoog_djvu.txt= |accessdate=2 May 2013}}{{page needed|date=June 2014}} 6. ^"Greysouthen", Visitoruk.com 7. ^{{cite web|title= Villages in Cumbria|url=http://www.thecumbriadirectory.com/Town_or_Village/location.php?url=greysouthen|publisher= The Cumbria Directory |accessdate= 2 May 2013}} 8. ^1 "Greysouthen Tn/CP" A Vision of Britain through Time External links{{Commons category-inline|Greysouthen}} 3 : Villages in Cumbria|Allerdale|Civil parishes in Cumbria |
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