| 词条 | Grindelia squarrosa |
| 释义 |
|image = Curlycup_Gumweed.jpg |image_caption = Curlycup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Asterids |ordo = Asterales |familia = Asteraceae |tribus = Astereae |genus = Grindelia |species = G. squarrosa |binomial = Grindelia squarrosa |binomial_authority=(Pursh) Dunal |synonyms_ref=[1] |synonyms={{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=Synonymy |Donia squarrosa Pursh 1813 |Aurelia amplexicaulis Cass. |Aurelia squarrosa Cass. ex Steud. |Grindelia aphanactis Rydb. |Grindelia arguta A.Gray |Grindelia nuda Alph.Wood |Grindelia pinnatifida Wooton & Standl. |Grindelia serrulata Rydb. |}}}}{{Wikispecies}}{{Commons category}}Grindelia squarrosa, also known as a curly-top gumweed or curlycup gumweed, is a small North American biennial or short-lived perennial plant.[2] It is native to western and central North America, from British Columbia east to Québec and New England, and south as far as California, Arizona, Chihuahua, and Texas. The species may possibly be naturalized in much of the eastern part of that distribution.[3][4][5][6] DescriptionGrindelia squarrosa is often found in disturbed roadsides, streamsides; {{convert|700|-|2300|m|ft}} in elevation. It is a decumbent to erect, much-branched perennial herb of subshrub up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall. The 1.5–7 cm leaves are gray-green, crenate with each tooth having a yellow bump near its tip, and resinous.[5][8]Grindelia squarrosa produces numerous flower heads in open, branching arrays. Each head usually contains 12-40 yellow ray flowers, though sometimes the rays are absent. These surround many small disc flowers. The plant blooms from July through late September.[5][7][8]Varieties
UsesGrindelia squarrosa is listed by the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network (NPIN) as of "Special Value to Native Bees."[6]The plant concentrates selenium, and can be toxic when ingested by cattle, humans, and other mammals.[5] The plant is being explored as a potential source of biofuel due to its high content of mono- and di-terpenes which can be converted to a fuel analogous to kerosene or jet fuel.[12] The plant's adaptation to arid climates makes it an attractive option as its cultivation in desert areas would not compete with traditional food crops. Native American medicinal plantGrindelia squarrosa is used by Great Plains Tribes as a medicinal herb to treat illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis or skin rashes.[6][13][14]It is used as a traditional medicinal plant by Shoshone peoples in various regions.[13] The Gosiute band dialect's Shoshone language name for the plant is mu’-ha-kûm.[15] The Lakota language name for the plant is pteíčhiyuȟa. References1. ^{{ThePlantList |authority=(Pursh) Dunal}} 2. ^{{ITIS |id=37472 |taxon=Grindelia squarrosa}} 3. ^{{PLANTS |symbol=grsq |taxon=Grindelia squarrosa}} 4. ^{{BONAP|ref |genus=Grindelia |species=squarrosa}} 5. ^1 2 3 Jepson Manual, University of California (TJM2) 6. ^1 2 {{NPIN}} 7. ^Kansas Wildflowers & Grasses 8. ^1 {{eFloras|1 |tribe=Astereae |first1=John L. |last1=Strother |first2=Mark A. |last2=Wetter}} 9. ^{{PLANTS |symbol=GRSQQ |taxon=Grindelia squarrosa var. quasiperennis}} 10. ^{{PLANTS |symbol=GRSQS |taxon=Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata}} 11. ^{{PLANTS |symbol=GRSQS2 |taxon=Grindelia squarrosa var. squarrosa}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Neupane|first=Bishnu P.|last2=Shintani|first2=David|last3=Lin|first3=Hongfei|last4=Coronella|first4=Charles J.|last5=Miller|first5=Glenn C.|date=2016-11-22|title=Grindelia squarrosa: A Potential Arid Lands Biofuel Plant|journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering|language=EN|volume=5|issue=1|pages=995–1001|doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02315|issn=2168-0485}} 13. ^1 University of Michigan at Dearborn, Native American Ethnobotany Database: Grindelia squarrosa 14. ^Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929060956/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/pwgofnd/curlyc.htm |date=2006-09-29 }} 15. ^{{cite paper |url=http://www.swsbm.com/Ethnobotany/Ethnobotan_of_Gosiute.pdf |title=The Ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah |accessdate=2007-11-12 |last=Chamberlin |first=Ralph Vary |authorlink=Ralph Vary Chamberlin |date=1911 |work=Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association Vol II, part 5 |publisher= }}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} External links
12 : Grindelia|Flora of Canada|Flora of Northeastern Mexico|Flora of Northwestern Mexico|Flora of the Eastern United States|Flora of the Western United States|Flora of the Great Plains (North America)|Flora of California|Flora of the Great Basin|Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Plants described in 1813|Plants used in traditional Native American medicine |
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