| 词条 | Grodno Governorate |
| 释义 |
| native_name = {{lang-ru|Гро́дненская губе́рнiя}} | conventional_long_name = Grodno Governorate | common_name = Grodno Governorate | subdivision = Governorate | nation = the Russian Empire | year_start = 1795 | event_start = Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | date_start = | event_end = World War I | date_end = | year_end = 1915 | event1 = | event1_date = | p1 = Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795) | flag_p1 = Coat of arms of Lithuania.svg | p2 = Trakai Voivodeship | flag_p2 = Trakai district COA.gif | p3 = Belostok Oblast | flag_p3 = Flag of Russia.svg | s1 = Bialystok-Grodno District | flag_s1 = Flag of the German Empire.svg | s2 = Volhynia Governorate | flag_s2 = | image_flag = | image_coat =Coat_of_Arms_of_Grodno_Governorate.png | image_map = Grodno governorate.jpg | image_map_caption = Grodno Governorate in 1834 (English) | capital = Grodno | political_subdiv = | today = {{flag|Belarus}} {{flag|Poland}} {{flag|Lithuania}} }} The Grodno Governorate, ({{lang-ru|Гро́дненская губе́рнiя|translit=Grodnenskaya guberniya}}, {{lang-pl|Gubernia grodzieńska}}, {{lang-be|Гродзенская губерня|translit=Hrodzenskaya gubernya}}, {{lang-lt|Gardino gubernija}}) was a governorate (guberniya) of the Russian Empire. It was part of the Vilna Governorate-General and Northwestern Krai. OverviewGrodno, a western province or governorate of the former Russian Empire, currently located in Belarus, was situated between about 52° to 54° N latitude and 21° to 24° E longitude, and bounded N by Vilna E by Minsk S by Volhynia and W by the former kingdom of Poland. Its land size was {{convert|14,961|sqmi|km2}}. The province was a wide plain in parts, very swampy and covered with large pine tree forests. Of these, that of Bieloviecza in the district of comprising a circuit of over {{convert|100|mi|km}} deserves notice. There, bisons were preserved. The navigable rivers are Niemen, Bug, Narev, and Bobra, the most important of those being the Bug. The soil is chiefly alluvial intermixed with sand waws,{{Clarify|date=September 2018}} which was favorable for agriculture anil, rearing of cattle and bees. The atmosphere was damp, misty and the climate in winter was cold. Large quantities of rye, barley, oats, hops, hemp and flax were raised but the amount of fruit and vegetables grown was small. The products produced in the region were insignificant, but included woolen cloths, hats, leather, paper and spirits. There also a good export trade in grain, wool, cattle. Some forty fairs were held annually in the province. It was divided into nine districts, viz. Grodno, Brest, Bielsk, Volkovysk, Kobryn, Prushana, Slonim and Białystok. The administration of the whole province was in the governor appointed by the crown. In 1870 the population was 1,008,521 comprising Lithuanians, Poles, Belarusians, Tartars, and a few German colonists. Grodno's capital was Grodno, on the right bank of the Niemen, and was connected by railway with Moscow and Warsaw. It contained eight Roman Catholic, one Eastern and two United Greek Catholic churches, a chapel, and two Jewish synagogues. There were two fine erected respectively by Stephen Batory who died here 1586 and Augustus III (kings of Poland). Among other buildings were a public library, a school of a gymnasium, and several seminaries. The 24,789 were engaged in the manufacture of woolen hats, paper, and the preparation of wax. Three fairs were held annually. Grodno was built in the 12th century and at the commencement of the 13th it was annexed to Poland. The diet held there in 1793 ratified the partition of Poland. Two years later Stanislaus, the last king, signed his abdication there.[1] Administrative divisionsThe seat was in Grodno. It divided into 9 Uyzeds (Provinces):[2]
HistorySlonim Governorate (1795–1796)The governorate was formed in 1796, in the aftermath of the final partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and originally known as Slonim Governorate, but that only existed until December 12, 1796, when Paul I merged it with Vilna Governorate to form Lithuania Governorate.[2] The Slonim Governorate had 8 provinces:
Lithuania Governorate (1796–1801){{main|Lithuania Governorate}}Just a year later, on December 12, 1796, by order of Tsar Paul I they were merged into one governorate, called the Lithuanian Governorate, with its capital in Vilnius.[3] Lithuania-Grodno Governorate (1801–1840)After Paul's death, by order of Tsar Alexander I on September 9, 1801, the Lithuanian Governorate was split into the Lithuania-Vilnius Governorate and the Lithuania-Grodno Governorate. The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate was restored within the borders of 1796 Slonim Governorate.[2] The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate had 8 provinces:
Grodno Governorate (1840–1870)In 1840 the word "Lithuania" was dropped from the name by Nicholas I.[4] In 1843, another administrative reform took place. The Vilnius Governorate received the Lida district from the Grodno Governorate [5] and the Belostok Oblast was incorporated into it as the districts of Belostok, Belsk and Sokolka. Also, Novogrudok one to Minsk Governorate[2] The Grodno Governorate had 9 provinces:
Bialystok-Grodno District (1915–1917){{main|Bialystok-Grodno District}}The Grodno Governorate was occupied by Germany in 1915 during World War I. It was known as the Bialystok-Grodno District of Ober-Ost. After the Peace of Riga on 18 March 1921, which ended the Polish-Soviet War,[6] the governorate became the voivodeships of Białystok, Nowogródek and Polesie of the Second Polish Republic.[7] Governors
External links1. ^{{cite book | title=The new Werner twentieth century edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher=The Werner Company | year=1907 | location=Akron, OH | pages=Vol 11, p 183 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhAEAAAAYAAJ&dq=Augustow%20Canal%20history&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=Augustow%20Canal&f=false}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://archives.gov.by/Itd/Adm_del.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026095741/http://archives.gov.by/Itd/Adm_del.htm |archivedate=2006-10-26 |title=Administrative division of Belarus: a historical information|accessdate=2009-12-30|language=ru}} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Kulakauskas |first=Antanas |title=Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės |url=http://mkp.emokykla.lt/gimtoji/ |accessdate=2008-01-01 |edition= |year=2002 |publisher=Elektroninės leidybos namai |location=Vilnius |isbn=9986-9216-9-4 |chapter=Administracinės reformos |chapterurl=http://mkp.emokykla.lt/gimtoji/?id=911 |language=lt |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717110757/http://mkp.emokykla.lt/gimtoji/ |archivedate=2007-07-17 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite encyclopedia| chapter = Литовская губерния | encyclopedia = Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary |date=1890–1906 | chapter-url=http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/061/61134.htm|language=ru}} 5. ^{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Simas Sužiedėlis | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Lituanica | title=Administration | year=1970–1978 | publisher=Juozas Kapočius | volume=I | location=Boston, Massachusetts | id={{LCC|74-114275}} | pages=17–21}} 6. ^K. Marek. Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Librairie Droz 1968. pp. 419-420. 7. ^{{cite book |title= Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis|last=Eberhardt |first= Piotr |author2=Jan Owsinski |year= 2003|publisher= M.E. Sharpe|isbn= 0-7656-0665-8|pages= 260|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC&pg=RA1-PA260&dq=Volhynian+Governorate&sig=ACfU3U3vgMyHuYywuHY3BDPL5KJTCcP81w}}
3 : Governorates of the Russian Empire|Grodno|1795 establishments in the Russian Empire |
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