| 词条 | Growling grass frog |
| 释义 |
| image = Litoria raniformisA.JPG | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | trend = down | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Amphibia | ordo = Anura | familia = Hylidae | genus = Litoria | species = L. raniformis | binomial = Litoria raniformis | binomial_authority = Keferstein, 1867 | range_map = Litoria raniformis distribution.PNG | range_map_width = 200px | range_map_caption = Growling grass frog native range. }} The growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), also commonly known as the southern bell frog, warty swamp frog and erroneously as the green frog, is a species of ground-dwelling tree frog native to southeastern Australia, ranging from southern South Australia along the Murray River though Victoria to New South Wales, with populations through Tasmania. This species' common names vary between states; the name southern bell frog applies to New South Wales, growling grass frog in Victoria and South Australia, and green and gold frog in Tasmania. This species has been introduced to New Zealand. DescriptionThe growling grass frog is a very large, ground-dwelling tree frog up to 10 cm (almost 4 in) from snout to vent. It is a mottled bright green and bronze colour above, often with dark brown enameled bumps. It has a pale cream underside, with a faint cobbling pattern. A pale stripe runs from the side of the head down the flanks as a skin fold. The thighs are blue-green in colour. There are a series of shallow bumps over its back. This frog closely resembles the green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea), but is distinguished by the shallow bumps on its back, a shorter call, and a slightly different head and snout shape. The tympanum is visible in these frogs. The tadpoles are also very large (up to 9.5 cm or 3.7 in). The tadpoles often have a coppery pigment along their sides and an iridescent green sheen along their backbones. Ecology and behaviourThis species is associated with large swamps, permanent dam impoundments, ponds, and lakes (particularly ones with reeds) in woodland, shrubland, open and coastal areas. This frog is an agile climber, but is most often found among dense reeds or along swampy grasslands. It hunts and basks in the sun during the day. Growling grass frogs reportedly hunt other frogs by zoning into the sound of their calls. The call is a three part moaning "craw-ork ar-ar", rising and then falling in tone (described as the sound of a duck or goose being strangled). The males develop black, rough nuptial pads on their thumbs during the breeding season, which occurs during spring although to late summer. Females have the ability to hiss when threatened. The eggs (up to several thousand) are distributed in a loose pile. These frogs stay in tadpole stage for at least one year. This frog is believed to be in decline across much of its range. In some regions, it has disappeared altogether, but in others it remains locally abundant (such as parts of northern Victoria and the Riverland in South Australia, associated with the Murray River). As a petIt is kept as a pet; in Australia, this animal may be kept in captivity with the appropriate permit. References{{Wikispecies|Litoria raniformis}}
10 : Litoria|Amphibians of South Australia|Amphibians of New South Wales|Amphibians of the Australian Capital Territory|Amphibians of Victoria (Australia)|Amphibians of Tasmania|Introduced amphibians of New Zealand|Endangered fauna of Australia|Amphibians described in 1867|Frogs of Australia |
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