| 词条 | Gunther Plüschow |
| 释义 |
Gunther Plüschow (February 8, 1886 – January 28, 1931) was a German aviator, aerial explorer and author from Munich, Bavaria. His feats include the only escape by a German prisoner of war in World War I from Britain back to Germany; he was the first man to explore and film Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia from the air.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} He was killed on a second aerial expedition to Patagonia in 1931. As an aviator and explorer, he is honored as a hero by the Argentine Air Force to this day. World War IWhen the First World War began in August 1914, Lieutenant Plüschow was assigned to the East Asian Naval Station at Tsingtau, then part of the German Kiautschou Bay concession in China. Two Taube airplanes had been shipped in crates from Imperial Germany. After supervising the assembly of the planes, Plüschow began serving as pilot and aerial observer. The second plane, flown by Lt. Friedrich Müllerskowski, soon crashed, leaving Plüschow to fly alone. A Japanese ultimatum on August 15 demanding the German evacuation of Kiautschou Bay was understandably ignored, and eight days later Japan declared war against Germany. Japanese and British forces then jointly besieged the German colony. By November 1914, the military situation at Kiautschou Bay had become untenable, and on November 6 Plüschow (who had flown reconnaissance and had downed a Japanese aircraft with his pistol) was ordered to fly out in his Taube, carrying the last dispatches and documents from the governor. After flying about {{convert|250|km|mi}} in his much-repaired airplane, Plüschow crashed into a rice paddy. He set fire to the Taube, then started for Germany on foot.[1] Escape from ChinaPlüschow walked to Daschou, where the local mandarin gave a party for him. He managed to obtain a pass to cross China, as well as a junk in which he sailed down a river, finally arriving safely at Nanking. Plüschow sensed that he was being watched, even by officials openly friendly to Germany. As he was about to be arrested, he leapt in a rickshaw and went to the railway station, where he bribed a guard and slipped on a train to Shanghai. In Shanghai, Plüschow met the daughter of a diplomat he knew from Berlin. She provided him with documents as a Swiss national, as well as money and a ticket on a ship sailing to Nagasaki, Honolulu, and, finally, to San Francisco. In January 1915, he crossed the United States to New York City. He was reluctant to approach the German consulate there, as he had entered the country under a false identity. Worse, he read in a newspaper that he was presumed to be in New York. His luck saved him again. He met a friend from Berlin who managed to get him travel documents for a ship that sailed on January 30, 1915, for Italy. Bad weather forced Plüschow's ship to dock at Gibraltar, where the British arrested him as an enemy alien. They soon discovered he was the famous aviator of Tsingtau. Escape from LondonOn May 1, 1915, Plüschow was sent to a prisoner of war camp in Donington Hall in Leicestershire.[2] On July 4, 1915, he escaped during a storm and headed for London. Scotland Yard issued an alert, asking the public to be on the lookout for a man with a "dragon tattoo" on his arm. Disguised as a worker, Plüschow felt safe enough to take souvenir photographs of himself at the London docks. He occupied his time by reading books about Patagonia, and at night he hid inside the British Museum. For security reasons, no notices were published announcing the departure of ships, but a lucky encounter with another of his lady friends allowed him to obtain the information to board the ferry Princess Juliana, sailing for the neutral Netherlands. He arrived safely and finally reached Germany, where he was at first arrested as a spy since no one believed he could have accomplished such a feat. Plüschow is the only German combatant during either World War to escape a prison camp in the British Isles. Return to GermanyOnce he was identified, Plüschow was acclaimed as "the hero from Tsingtau". He was decorated, promoted, and assigned command of the naval base at Libau in occupied Latvian Courland. In June 1916, in an airplane hangar at Libau, Plüschow married. He also wrote his first book, The Adventures of the Aviator from Tsingtau, which sold more than 700,000 copies. In 1918, his son, Guntolf Plüschow, was born. 1918 was a year of profound crisis in Germany. In November, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, was forced to flee to the Netherlands as his nation dissolved into chaos. In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was imposed on Germany by her victorious enemies, and several military and civil revolts took place. Kapitänleutnant [lieutenant commander] Plüschow refused to participate. Instead, at age 33, he reluctantly resigned from the Reichsmarine. South American explorationsAfter he left the Navy, Plüschow worked at various jobs before he was hired on the sailing vessel Parma, bound for South America. The ship took him around Cape Horn to Valdivia, Chile; he then traveled overland across Chile to Patagonia. On his return to Germany, he published Segelfahrt ins Wunderland ("Voyage to Wonderland"), which earned him enough for further explorations. On November 27, 1927, Plüschow took the wooden two-masted cutter Feuerland to Punta Arenas, Chile. His engineer, Ernst Dreblow, brought his seaplane, a Heinkel HD 24 D-1313, aboard a steamer. By December 1928, the airplane had been fully assembled and the inaugural flight brought the first air mail from Puntas Arenas to Ushuaia, Argentina. In the months following, Plüschow and Dreblow were the first to explore by air the Cordillera Darwin, Cape Horn, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, and the Torres del Paine of Patagonia. In 1929, Plüschow had to sell the Feuerland to obtain funds to return to Germany. There he published his explorations and photographs in a book, Silberkondor über Feuerland ("Silver Condor over Tierra del Fuego"), and a documentary film of the same name. The ship Feuerland was brought to Weddell Island and sailed between the islands of the Falkland archipelago until 2006, when she was transported back to Germany and listed as a historic cultural monument.[3] In 1930 Plüschow returned to Patagonia to continue his explorations. There, both he and Dreblow were killed in a crash near the Brazo Rico,[4] part of Lake Argentino, on January 28, 1931. Honours and awardsThe Gunther Plüschow Glacier in Tierra del Fuego is named in his memory. Awards include:
Books by Plüschow
Movies by Plüschow
Posthumously:
Literature about Plüschow
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol122jm.html|title=South African Military History Society - Journal - AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS IN THE GERMAN COLONIES, 1911-1916|work=samilitaryhistory.org}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://derbyshire.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/castle-donington-derbyshire-5366/|title=Castle Donington, Derbyshire|work=Derbyshire Life and Countryside}} 3. ^“Feuerland”, a piece of Falklands' history returns to Germany. MercoPress, 6 April 2006 4. ^Campo de hielo sur {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725052118/http://www.glaciologia.cl/moreno.html |date=2008-07-25 }} at www.glaciologia.cl
External links
19 : 1866 births|1931 deaths|People from Munich|German escapees|German prisoners of war in World War I|World War I prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom|German World War I pilots|German explorers|Explorers of South America|People from the Kingdom of Bavaria|History of Qingdao|Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents|Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Argentina|Escapees from British military detention|Imperial German Navy personnel|Knights of the House Order of Hohenzollern|Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Mecklenburg-Schwerin), 1st class|Recipients of the Liakat Medal|History of Patagonia |
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