“Guruntum language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Guruntum language

释义

Classification
Phonology
Vowels Consonants Tone
References

{{Infobox language
|name=Guruntum
|altname=Guruntum-Mbaaru
|nativename=gùrdùŋ
|region=Nigeria
|speakers=15,000
|date=1993
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Chadic
|fam3=West
|fam4=Barawa (B.3)
|fam5=Guruntum languages
|iso3=grd
|glotto=guru1271
|glottorefname=Guruntum-Mbaaru
|notice=IPA
}}

Guruntum is a Chadic language spoken in Bauchi and Alkaleri LGAs, Bauchi State, Nigeria. In 1993 it was spoken by about 15,000 people.

Classification

Guruntum is a West Chadic language of the Barawa (B.3) group.

Major dialects include Kuuku, Gayar, Mbaaru, Dooka, Gar and Karakara.

Phonology

Vowels

Guruntum contrasts long and short forms for all vowels except for {{IPA|/ɨ/}}. In addition, two nasalized vowel phonemes exist: {{IPA|/ũː/}} {{IPA|/ãː/}}.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː	ɨ	u	uː ũː
Mid	e	eː	o	oː
Open	a	aː ãː

There are two diphthongs, {{IPA|/ai/}} and {{IPA|/au/}}.

Consonants

		Labial			Alveolar	Postalveolar or palatal	Velar
		Plain	Palatalized	Labialized	Alveolar	Postalveolar or palatal	Plain	Palatalized	Labialized
Nasal		m}}	mʲ}}	mʷ}}	n}}	nʲ}}	ŋ}}
Stop	prenasalized	ᵐb}}	ⁿd}}	ᶮdʒ}}	ᵑɡ}}	ᵑɡʲ}}	ᵑɡʷ}}
	voiceless	p}}	pʲ}}	t}}	k}}	kʲ}}	kʷ}}
	voiced	b}}	bʲ}}	d}}	dʒ}}	ɡ}}	ɡʲ}}	ɡʷ}}
	implosive	ɓ}}	ɗ}}
Fricative	voiceless	f}}	fʲ}}	fʷ}}	s}}	ʃ}}
Fricative	voiced	v}}	vʷ}}	z}}	ʒ}}
Trill		r}}
Approximant		l}}	j}}	w}}

{{IPA|/r/}} is realized as a flap intervocalically before back vowels; elsewhere it is a trill.

Tone

Guruntum has four tones: high, low, rising (low-high) and falling (high-low).

References

{{cite journal |last=Jaggar |first=Philip J. |year=1998 |title=Guruntum (gùrdùŋ) (West Chadic-B): Linguistics notes and wordlist |journal=African Languages and Cultures |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=169–189}}

2 : West Chadic languages|Languages of Nigeria

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