| 词条 | Guttural toad |
| 释义 |
| image = Bufo gutturalis.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | taxon = Amietophrynus gutturalis | authority = (Power, 1927) | synonyms = Bufo gutturalis Power, 1927 }} The African common toad or guttural toad (Sclerophrys gutturalis) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae.[2] It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Réunion, Somalia, South Africa, Ethiopia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, dry savanna, moist savanna, temperate shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, intermittent rivers, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, urban areas, heavily degraded former forest, ponds, and canals and ditches. DescriptionThe guttural toad is a large species with males growing to a snout-to-vent length of up to {{convert|90|mm|1|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|120|mm|1|abbr=on}}. The upper surface is buffish brown with variable irregular dark brown markings. There are two pairs of brown spots between the eyes making a cross-like mark, and there is often a pale stripe down the spine. The arms are edged by distinctive white tubercles and there is a red patch on the back of the thighs. The underparts are pale and granular and the male has a dark throat. The parotid glands are prominent and the toes are only slightly webbed.[3] BiologyMales call throughout the year but the main period for breeding is October and November. The sound is a guttural "snore" repeated at intervals of about three seconds. The males call from the surface of permanent water bodies and large congregations can take place, making a "chorus". The eggs are laid in double strings which may be wound around submerged vegetation. The tadpoles develop for about 75 days before undergoing metamorphosis. They may be so numerous leaving the ponds as to carpet the ground and many are eaten by predators.[3] Conservation statusThe guttural toad is very common. It is spreading through southern Africa as its population increases. It can live in a variety of environments, and is very adaptable. It has no major predators and does not suffer much from habitat loss.[1] References1. ^1 {{Cite journal | author = IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group | title = Sclerophrys gutturalis | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2016 | page = e.T54659A107346817 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2016 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/54659/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T54659A107346817.en | access-date = 6 January 2018}} {{Commons|Bufo gutturalis}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q601370}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Amietophrynus/Amietophrynus-gutturalis |title=Amietophrynus gutturalis (Power, 1927) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=5 September 2014}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Amietophrynus&where-species=gutturalis |title=Amietophrynus gutturalis |author=Travis, Bergmann |work=AmphibiaWeb |accessdate=2014-09-04}} 10 : Amietophrynus|Amphibians described in 1927|Frogs of Africa|Amphibians of Angola|Amphibians of Ethiopia|Amphibians of Kenya|Amphibians of South Africa|Amphibians of Tanzania|Reptiles and amphibians of Mauritius|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
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