| 词条 | Ciudad Bolívar | ||||
| 释义 |
| name = Ciudad Bolívar | official_name = Ciudad Bolívar |other_name=Angostura | settlement_type = City | nickname = La puerta del sur de Venezuela (English:"The gate to southern Venezuela") | motto = No encontrarás otra de más variada riqueza (English:"You won't find another with such a variety of wealth")[1] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Ciudad Bolívar historical zone.jpg | photo2a = House_of_the_Congress_of_Angostura.jpg | photo2b = Salto la Llovizna, Bolívar, Venezuela (2).JPG | photo3a = Ciudad Bolivar.JPG | photo3b = Cathedral_of_Ciudad_Bolivar.jpg | photo4a = Ciudad Bolívar Vista Area.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 1 | color = white | border = 1 | color_border = white }} | image_flag = Flag of Heres municipality (Barinas state, Venezuela).png | image_seal = | image_map = Venezuela - Bolívar - Heres.svg | map_caption = Heres Municipality in Bolívar State |coordinates = {{coord|8.137930|-63.548266|type:city|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_type2 = Municipality |subdivision_name = {{flag|Venezuela}} |subdivision_name1 = Bolívar |subdivision_name2 = Heres |established_date = 22 May 1764 |established_title = Founded |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Sergio Hernández (PSUV)[1][2] |area_total_km2 = 209,52 |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_total = 350691 |population_metro = 380953 |population_density_km2 = 1633.63 |timezone = VST |utc_offset = –04:00 |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_m = 54 |population_blank1_title = Demonym |population_blank1 = Bolivarense |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 8001 |area_code = 0285 |blank_name = Climate |blank_info = Aw |website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517010950/http://alcaldiaheres.com/ Official Site.] |footnotes = The area and population figures are for the city. Ciudad Bolívar ({{IPA-es|sjuˈðað βoˈliβaɾ}}; Spanish for "Bolivar City"), formerly known as Angostura[3] and St. Thomas de Guyana,[4] is the capital of Venezuela's southeastern Bolívar State. It lies at the spot where the Orinoco River narrows to about {{convert|1|mi}} in width, is the site of the first bridge across the river, and is a major riverport for the eastern regions of Venezuela. Historic Angostura gave its name to the Congress of Angostura, to the Angostura tree, to the House of Angostura, and to Angostura bitters. Modern Ciudad Bolívar has a well-preserved historic center; a cathedral and other original colonial buildings surround the Plaza Bolívar. HistoryOriginally a Spanish settlement, it was called Saint Thomas of Guyana. The settlement was a fortified port which had to be moved on three occasions because it was constantly attacked by Carib natives and European rivals, such as the Dutch and English.[5] Saint Thomas of Guyana was first located in present day Ciudad Guayana near the Caroní River until Dutch forces led by Captain Adrian Janson destroyed the town in 1579.[5] The second settlement was founded by Don Antonio de Berrío, who had arrived from the New Granada with the mission of colonizing Guiana, and was moved westward down the Carońi about {{Convert|66|km|mi}}.[5] One of Walter Raleigh's expeditions sacked the second settlement in 1617, resulting in the death of his son Watt Raleigh.[5][6]The third and present day city was officially founded in 1764 by Don Joacquin Moreno de Mendoza as San Tomas de la Nueva Guayana[5]{{sfnp|EB|1878}} or Santo Tomé de Guayana de Angostura del Orinoco, named in honor of its diocese and for its position at the first narrows of the Orinoco River. The Spanish relied on trade from the Dutch colony of Essequibo further down the Caroní River until 1771.[5] Ciudad Bolívar was the site of the Congress of Angostura from 1819 to 1821. It was responsible for the creation of Gran Colombia in its first year of operation.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Angostura bitters were invented in the city in 1824, although the company which produced them later moved to Trinidad and Tobago.[7] The city was renamed in honor of Simon Bolivar in 1846. The Venezuelan artist Jesús Rafael Soto was a native of the city. The Jesús Soto Museum of Modern Art, named in his honor and designed by Venezuelan architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva, was opened in 1973. Law and governmentCiudad Bolívar's municipal government is led by the mayor. Its local legislature is the Municipal Council, made up of seven councillors. A municipal comptroller oversees the public finances, and the Local Public Planning Council manages the municipality's development.[8] GeographyVegetationMoriche palms and scrub oaks are found on the shores of the river. Species including the carob tree, the sarrapia (tonka bean), and the merecure are prevalent. Local fauna include capybaras, turtles, herons, parrots, limpets, and iguanas, and others. Fish in the area include Salminus hilarii (a species of Salminus) and Pygocentrus palometa. ClimateUnder the Köppen climate classification, Ciudad Bolívar has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) with distinctive dry and wet seasons. The average temperature is {{convert|28.5|°C|°F}} which remains fairly constant throughout the year, varying between {{convert|27.6|°C|°F}} in January to {{convert|28.9|°C|°F}} in October. The dry season, which runs from December to April has little precipitation during these months and temperatures tend to be cooler than the wet season but still hot, regularly reaching {{convert|32|°C|°F}} during the day and dropping to {{convert|22|°C|°F}} during the night. The wet season which runs from May to early November sees and increase in precipitation levels although days without any precipitation are common. Temperatures tend to be slightly warmer than the dry season. On average, Ciudad Bolívar receives {{convert|977|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation per year and there are 89.3 days with measureable rainfall. The city is fairly sunny, averaging almost 2900 hours of bright sunshine or an average of 7.9 hours of sunshine per day, ranging from a high of 260.4 hours in October (8.4 hours of sunshine per day) to a low of 201.0 hours in June (or 6.7 hours of sunshine per day).[15] {{Weather box|location = Ciudad Bolívar Airport (1970–1998) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |open = yes |Jan record high C = 37.1 |Feb record high C = 39.8 |Mar record high C = 39.2 |Apr record high C = 39.7 |May record high C = 40.4 |Jun record high C = 37.4 |Jul record high C = 37.3 |Aug record high C = 37.6 |Sep record high C = 38.0 |Oct record high C = 37.9 |Nov record high C = 38.2 |Dec record high C = 37.6 |year record high C = 40.4 |Jan high C = 32.3 |Feb high C = 33.2 |Mar high C = 34.3 |Apr high C = 35.0 |May high C = 34.4 |Jun high C = 32.7 |Jul high C = 32.4 |Aug high C = 32.9 |Sep high C = 33.6 |Oct high C = 33.6 |Nov high C = 33.4 |Dec high C = 32.5 |year high C = 33.4 |Jan mean C = 27.6 |Feb mean C = 28.0 |Mar mean C = 28.9 |Apr mean C = 29.5 |May mean C = 29.4 |Jun mean C = 28.2 |Jul mean C = 27.9 |Aug mean C = 28.4 |Sep mean C = 28.8 |Oct mean C = 28.9 |Nov mean C = 28.8 |Dec mean C = 28.0 |year mean C = 28.5 |Jan low C = 22.8 |Feb low C = 22.7 |Mar low C = 23.5 |Apr low C = 24.0 |May low C = 24.3 |Jun low C = 23.7 |Jul low C = 23.4 |Aug low C = 23.8 |Sep low C = 24.0 |Oct low C = 24.1 |Nov low C = 24.1 |Dec low C = 23.4 |year low C = 23.7 |Jan record low C = 17.9 |Feb record low C = 18.1 |Mar record low C = 20.0 |Apr record low C = 18.6 |May record low C = 17.7 |Jun record low C = 18.2 |Jul record low C = 18.2 |Aug record low C = 17.8 |Sep record low C = 18.0 |Oct record low C = 18.5 |Nov record low C = 19.2 |Dec record low C = 18.0 |year record low C = 17.7 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 21.7 |Feb rain mm = 13.3 |Mar rain mm = 8.9 |Apr rain mm = 26.8 |May rain mm = 102.3 |Jun rain mm = 165.1 |Jul rain mm = 183.2 |Aug rain mm = 160.1 |Sep rain mm = 95.7 |Oct rain mm = 97.3 |Nov rain mm = 61.7 |Dec rain mm = 40.9 |year rain mm = 977.0 |unit rain days = 1.0 mm |Jan rain days = 3.9 |Feb rain days = 2.3 |Mar rain days = 1.6 |Apr rain days = 2.4 |May rain days = 9.0 |Jun rain days = 15.3 |Jul rain days = 14.9 |Aug rain days = 11.8 |Sep rain days = 8.2 |Oct rain days = 7.4 |Nov rain days = 6.2 |Dec rain days = 6.3 |year rain days = 89.3 |Jan humidity = 69.5 |Feb humidity = 67.5 |Mar humidity = 66.0 |Apr humidity = 66.5 |May humidity = 69.5 |Jun humidity = 73.5 |Jul humidity = 73.5 |Aug humidity = 72.5 |Sep humidity = 70.5 |Oct humidity = 71.0 |Nov humidity = 71.5 |Dec humidity = 72.0 |year humidity = 70.2 |Jan sun = 248.0 |Feb sun = 235.2 |Mar sun = 263.5 |Apr sun = 234.0 |May sun = 226.3 |Jun sun = 201.0 |Jul sun = 232.5 |Aug sun = 248.0 |Sep sun = 252.0 |Oct sun = 260.4 |Nov sun = 249.0 |Dec sun = 244.9 |year sun = 2894.8 |source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (INAMEH)[9][10] |source 2 = NOAA (extremes, sun, precipitation days 1961–1990),[11] World Meteorological Organization (precipitation, 1961–1990)[12] |date= March 2013 }} EconomyThe Bolívar state economy is dominated by agriculture and animal husbandry, particularly cattle and pigs. Agricultural products of the area include maize, cassava, mango, yam, and watermelon. Tourism has become increasingly important to the area. Local mass media include the television stations Bolívar Visión and TV Río, and newspapers El Bolivarense, El Expreso, El Progreso, and El Luchador. EducationUniversitiesUniversidad de OrienteUniversidad de Oriente (UDO) Núcleo de Bolívar, is the main public institution located in Ciudad Bolivar and in other cities of eastern Venezuela. On 20 February 1960, by resolution of the University Council, is created the Bolívar Nucleus, since that is become the most important university in the country South-Eastern. Today, this UDO nucleus has a Basic Courses School, Health Sciences School "Dr. Francisco Battistini Casalta" and Earth Sciences School, undergraduate degrees in Industrial Engineering, Geological Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mining Engineering, Geology, Medicine, Nursing and Bioanalysis.[13] Universidad Nacional Experimental de GuayanaUniversidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana (UNEG) is another public institution in Ciudad Bolívar, founded 9 March 1982 by resolution N° 1.432 of President Luis Herrera Campins. This university was conceived as a center of superior education regional. The original name of the university project was South University the Dr. Carlos Grüber Hernández (1931–2007) cas one of the pioneers in the fight for the University of South, he was the Founder President of the University of Southern Pro Guiana Committee.[14] The UNEG Ciudad Bolívar offers undergraduate degrees in Administration and accounting, Education and Tourism. Other universities
CultureCiudad Bolívar's historic district is a popular tourist attraction, featuring houses and buildings that date from the colonial period. The Jesús Soto Museum of Modern Art—named after the city's native sculptor and painter Jesús Soto—features a collection of modern works by Venezuelan and international artists. Ciudad Bolívar is also the birthplace of musicians Antonio Lauro, Cheo Hurtado, Iván Pérez Rossi, and the home of the musical group Serenata Guayanesa. Traditional local cuisine includes desserts and preserves made of cashew nuts, eaten alone or roasted with salt. The cassava bread prepared in the area is well known, as well as several meals made of tortoise meat such as the Carapacho de Morrocoy Guayanés (baked tortoise in its shell). Locals also use the juice of cassava to create the spicy Catara sauce, an alleged aphrodisiac. Gallery ImagesTransportationBuses are the main means of public transport in the city. The José Tomás de Heres Airport is located in the center of the city. The Angostura Bridge connects the city to the rest of Venezuela. The freeway that connects Ciudad Bolívar with Ciudad Guayana is a major regional road. Notable people
ReferencesCitations1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.alcaldiaheres.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-05-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517010950/http://alcaldiaheres.com/ |archivedate=17 May 2014 |df= }} 2. ^Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela 3. ^{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ciudad Bolívar|volume=6|page=401}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title=A Typographical Gazetteer|last=Cotton|first=Henry|publisher=Oxford University|year=1831|isbn=|location=|pages=113|quote=Guyana, or St. Thomas de Guyana, also called Angostura, the capital of the province of Spanish Guyana in South America, is a considerable town, seated on the river Oroonoko, not far from its mouth.}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 [https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/humboldt/alexander/travels/chapter25.html Alexander von Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America During the Years 1799-1804, (chapter 25). Henry G. Bohn, London, 1853.] 6. ^John Hemming, The Search For El Dorado, Phoenix Press; 2nd ed. December 31, 2001; Ch. 10. {{ISBN|1842124455}} 7. ^{{cite book |last=Loeb |first=Katie M. |title=Shake, Stir, Pour: Fresh Homegrown Cocktails |year=2012 |publisher=Quarry Books |location=Beverly, MA |isbn=9781592537976 |oclc=806490659 |page=146}} 8. ^Law and government {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115184537/http://www.cne.gov.ve/documentos/sistemaelectoral08.php |date=15 November 2006 }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_EXTREM.pdf |format=pdf |title=Estadísticos Básicos Temperaturas y Humedades Relativas Máximas y Mínimas Medias |work=INAMEH |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615065531/http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_EXTREM.pdf |archivedate=15 June 2013 |df=dmy }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_MEDIAS.pdf |format=pdf |title=Estadísticos Básicos Temperaturas y Humedades Relativas Medias |work=INAMEH |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085231/http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_MEDIAS.pdf |archivedate=15 June 2013 |df=dmy }} 11. ^1 {{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-III/VN/80444.TXT | title = Ciudad Bolivar Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate = 2 March 2013}} 12. ^{{cite web | url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/135/c01202.htm | title = World Weathr Information Service – Cd. Bolivar | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | accessdate = 2 March 2013}} 13. ^http://www.bolivar.udo.edu.ve/index.php/component/content/article?id=71 14. ^El Expreso Foro de los Lunes "Anhelo de la Colectividad. Creación de la Universidad de Guayana" pag.3 Ciudad Bolívar 17 December 1979 Bibliography
External links{{Commons category|Ciudad Bolívar}}
3 : 1764 establishments in the Viceroyalty of New Granada|Ciudad Bolívar|Cities in Bolívar (state) |
||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。