| 词条 | Civil courage |
| 释义 |
OverviewItalian journalist and writer {{ill|Franca Magnani|de}} (1925-1996) wrote, "Je mehr Bürger mit Zivilcourage ein Land hat, desto weniger Helden wird es einmal brauchen" ("The more citizens with civil courage which a country has, the fewer heroes it needs").[2] Civil courage todayCivil courage has been referred to by psychologist Tobias Greitemeyer as constituting acts of bravery, carried out with the objective of enforcing a societal or ethical standard, without concern for the effect these acts might have on one's own position. This is because this civil courage is often punished since it entails risks and almost ensures ostracism not only from a group that the courageous individual belongs but also from society.[3] In this way, it is distinguished from altruistic behavior and other forms of courage.[4] In the case of altruistic, helping behavior, an individual might expect to be praised or receive positive social consequences from the result of their having helped, despite possible financial or material loss. In actions where civil courage is demonstrated, the person carrying out the action may experience negative social consequences such as alienation, verbal abuse or violence. Civil courage is displayed when a person, in spite of the perceived threat of negative consequences acts to intervene in a social context.[5] This is demonstrated in the case of whistleblowers, who do not necessarily risk their lives but their action could lead to years in prison.[3] There are those who associate civil courage to the concept of non-violence attributed to Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. and cited such association as the cause why it faded as a model of conduct due to the perception that it is uninteresting and boring.[6] See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|title=International Security, Peace, Development and Environment - Volume II|last=Spring|first=Ursula|publisher=EOLSS Publishers Co. Ltd.|year=2009|isbn=9781848265332|location=Oxford|pages=80}} {{philosophy-stub}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologie.uzh.ch/de/bereiche/sob/motivation/zivilcourage/zivilcourage.html |title=Über Zivilcourage |language=German |website=University of Zurich |accessdate=25 March 2018}} 3. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=dXgevmOjLPkC&pg=PT133&dq=civil+courage&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimvMnRz77fAhUM2o8KHUwaBNcQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=civil%20courage&f=false|title=Censored 2014: Fearless Speech in Fateful Times; The Top Censored Stories and Media Analysis of 2012-13|last=Huff|first=Mickey|last2=Roth|first2=Andy Lee|last3=Censored|first3=Project|date=2013-10-08|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=9781609804954|language=en}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Greitemeyer|first1=Tobias|title=Civil courage: Implicit theories, related concepts, and measurement|journal=The Journal of Positive Psychology|volume=2|issue=2|pages=115–119|doi=10.1080/17439760701228789|year=2007}} 5. ^{{cite web|last1=Osswald|first1=Silvia|title=What Is Moral Courage? Definition, Explication, and Classification of a Complex Construct|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2557/541097a464168d2fbadae632288150fdf2de.pdf|website=Semanticsscholar.org|accessdate=25 March 2018}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title=Civil Courage: A Response to Contemporary Conflict and Prejudice|last=Kramer|first=Naomi|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2007|isbn=9781433100574|location=Frankfurt|pages=44}} 4 : Courage|Virtue|Philosophy of love|Civil society |
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