| 词条 | Civil death |
| 释义 |
In medieval Europe, felons lost all civil rights upon their conviction. This civil death often led to actual death, since anyone could kill and injure a felon with impunity.[3] Under the Holy Roman Empire, a person declared civilly dead was referred to as vogelfrei (‘free as a bird’) and could even be killed since they were completely outside the law.[4] Historically outlawry, that is, declaring a person as an outlaw, was a common form of civil death.[4] In the US, the disenfranchisement of felons[5] has been called a form of civil death, as has being subjected to collateral consequences in general.[6] See also
Notes and references1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.law-dictionary.org/CIVILITER+MORTUUS.asp?q=CIVILITER+MORTUUS|title=CIVILITER MORTUUS : on Law Dictionary|website=www.law-dictionary.org}} 2. ^See e.g. Interdiction of F.T.E., 594 So.2d 480(La. App. 2d Cir. 1992). 3. ^Manza, Jeff and Uggen, Christopher. Punishment and Democracy: Disenfranchisement of Nonincarcerated Felons in the United States. 'Perspectives on Politics.' Page 492. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3688812 4. ^1 Article "Death, Civil;" Encyclopædia Americana, 1830 ed, page 138 5. ^{{cite news| url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/voting-behind-bars/ | work=The New York Times | title=Voting Behind Bars | first=Linda | last=Greenhouse | date=July 29, 2010}} 6. ^Gabriel J. Chin, The New Civil Death: Rethinking Punishment in the Era of Mass Conviction, 160 U. Penn. L. Rev. 1789 (2012) External links
1 : Criminal law |
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