| 词条 | Haloarchaea |
| 释义 |
| image = Halobacteria.jpg | image_caption = Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1, each cell about 5 µm in length. | domain = Archaea | regnum = Euryarchaeota | phylum = Euryarchaeota | classis = Halobacteria | classis_authority = Grant et al. 2002 | subdivision_ranks = Order | subdivision =
| synonyms =
}} Haloarchaea (halophilic archaea, halophilic archaebacteria, halobacteria)[1] are a class of the Euryarchaeota,[2] found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. Halobacteria are now recognized as archaea, rather than bacteria and are one of the largest groups. The name 'halobacteria' was assigned to this group of organisms before the existence of the domain Archaea was realized, and remains valid according to taxonomic rules{{Citation needed|reason=What are those rules? A link to taxonomic rules would be great|date=July 2014}}. In a non-taxonomic context, halophilic archaea are referred to as haloarchaea to distinguish them from halophilic bacteria. These microorganisms are members of the halophile community, in that they require high salt concentrations to grow, with most species requiring more than 2.0M NaCl for growth and survival. They are a distinct evolutionary branch of the Archaea distinguished by possession of ether-linked lipids and the absence of murein in their cell walls. Haloarchaea can grow aerobically or anaerobically. Parts of the membranes of haloarchaea are purplish in color, and large blooms of haloarchaea appear reddish, from the pigment bacteriorhodopsin, related to the retinal pigment rhodopsin, which it uses to transform light energy into chemical energy by a process unrelated to chlorophyll-based photosynthesis. Haloarchaea have a potential to solubilize phosphorus. Phosphorus-solubilizing halophilic archaea may well play a role in P (phosphorus) nutrition to vegetation growing in hypersaline soils. Haloarchaea may also have application as inoculants for crops growing in hypersaline regions.[3] TaxonomyThe extremely halophilic, aerobic members of Archaea are classified within the family Halobacteriaceae, order Halobacteriales in Class III. Halobacteria of the phylum Euryarchaeota (International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes, Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Halobacteriaceae). As of May 2016, the family Halobacteriaceae comprises 213 species in 50 genera. Domain: Archaea Euryarchaeota
non-valid
Classification of Gupta et al.[12][13] Halobacteriales
Haladaptatus, Halalkalicoccus, Haloarchaeobius, Halarchaeum, Halobacterium, Halocalculus, Halorubellus, Halorussus, "Halosiccatus", Halovenus, Natronoarchaeum, Natronomonas, Salarchaeum.
Halapricum, Haloarcula, Halomicroarcula, Halomicrobium, Halorientalis, Halorhabdus, Halosimplex.
Halococcus. Haloferacales
Halabellus, Haloferax, Halogeometricum, (Halogranum), Halopelagius, Haloplanus, Haloquadratum, Halosarcina.
Halobaculum, (Halogranum), Halohasta, Halolamina, Halonotius, Halopenitus, Halorubrum, Salinigranum. Natrialbales
Halobiforma, Halopiger, Halostagnicola, Haloterrigena, Halovarius, Halovivax, Natrialba, Natribaculum, Natronobacterium, Natronococcus, Natronolimnobius, Natronorubrum, Salinarchaeum. Living environmentHaloarchaea require salt concentrations in excess of 2 M (or about 10%) to grow, and optimal growth usually occurs at much higher concentrations, typically 20–25%. However, Haloarchaea can grow up to saturation (about 37% salts).[14] Haloarchaea are found mainly in hypersaline lakes and solar salterns. Their high densities in the water often lead to pink or red colourations of the water (the cells possessing high levels of carotenoid pigments, presumably for UV protection).[15] Adaptations to environmentHaloarchaea can grow at an aw close to 0.75, yet a water activity (aw) lower than 0.90 is inhibitory to most microbes.[16] The number of solutes causes osmotic stress on microbes, which can cause cell lysis, unfolding of proteins and inactivation of enzymes when there is a large enough imbalance.[17] Haloarchaea combat this by retaining compatible solutes such as potassium chloride (KCl) in their intracellular space to allow them to balance osmotic pressure.[18] Retaining these salts is referred to as the “salt-in” method where the cell accumulates a high internal concentration of potassium.[19] Because of the elevated potassium levels, haloarchaea have specialized proteins that have a highly negative surface charge to tolerate high potassium concentrations.[20] Haloarchaea have adapted to use glycerol as a carbon and energy source in catabolic processes, which is often present in high salt environments due to Dunaliella species that produce glycerol in large quantities.[21][22] PhototrophyBacteriorhodopsin is used to absorb light, which provides energy to transport protons (H+) across the cellular membrane. The concentration gradient generated from this process can then be used to synthesize ATP. Many haloarchaea also possess related pigments, including halorhodopsin, which pumps chloride ions in the cell in response to photons, creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light. The process is unrelated to other forms of photosynthesis involving electron transport, however, and haloarchaea are incapable of fixing carbon from carbon dioxide.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Cellular shapesHaloarchaea are often considered pleomorphic, or able to take on a range of shapes—even within a single species. This makes identification by microscopic means difficult, and it is now more common to use gene sequencing techniques for identification instead. One of the more unusually shaped Haloarchaea is the "Square Haloarchaeon of Walsby". It was classified in 2004 using a very low nutrition solution to allow growth along with a high salt concentration, square in shape and extremely thin (like a postage stamp). This shape is probably only permitted by the high osmolarity of the water, permitting cell shapes that would be difficult, if not impossible, under other conditions. As exophilesHaloarchaea have been proposed as a kind of life that could live on Mars; since the Martian atmosphere has a pressure below the triple point of water, freshwater species would have no habitat on the Martian surface.[23] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fendrihan|first1=Sergiu|last2=Legat|first2=Andrea|last3=Pfaffenhuemer|first3=Marion|last4=Gruber|first4=Claudia|last5=Weidler|first5=Gerhard|last6=Gerbl|first6=Friedrich|last7=Stan-Lotter|first7=Helga|title=Extremely halophilic archaea and the issue of long-term microbial survival|journal=Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology|date=19 July 2006|volume=5|issue=2–3|pages=203–218|doi=10.1007/s11157-006-0007-y|pmid=21984879|pmc=3188376}} 2. ^See the NCBI [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=183963 webpage on Halobacteria]. 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Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 62: 2160-2162 5. ^Ugalde JA, Narasingarao P, Kuo S, Podell S, Allen EE. (2013) Draft Genome Sequence of "Candidatus Halobonum tyrrellensis" Strain G22, Isolated from the Hypersaline Waters of Lake Tyrrell, Australia. Genome Announc. 12;1(6). 6. ^Filker S, Kaiser M, Rosselló-Móra R, Dunthorn M, Lax G, Stoeck T. (2014) "Candidatu Haloectosymbiotes riaformosensis" (Halobacteriaceae), an archaeal ectosymbiont of the hypersaline ciliate Platynematum salinarum. Syst Appl Microbiol. 37(4):244-251. 7. ^Hassani II, Robert C, Michelle C, Raoult D, Hacène H, Desnues C. (2013) Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Halopiger djelfamassiliensis sp. nov.Stand Genomic Sci. 9(1):160-174. 8. ^Ikram HI, Catherine R, Caroline M, Didier R, Hocine H, Christelle D. (2014) Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Halopiger goleamassiliensis sp. nov.Stand Genomic Sci. 9(3):956-959. 9. ^Sánchez-Nieves R, Facciotti MT, Saavedra-Collado S, Dávila-Santiago L, Rodríguez-Carrero R, Montalvo-Rodríguez R. (2016) Draft genome sequence of Halorubrum tropicale strain V5, a novel halophilic archaeon isolated from the solar salterns of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Genom Data. 6;7:284-286. 10. ^Sánchez-Nieves R, Facciotti MT, Saavedra-Collado S, Dávila-Santiago L, Rodríguez-Carrero R, Montalvo-Rodríguez R. (2016) Draft genome of Haloarcula rubripromontorii strain SL3, a novel halophilic archaeon isolated from the solar salterns of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Genom Data. 6;7:287-289. 11. ^Jaakkola ST, Pfeiffer F, Ravantti JJ, Guo Q, Liu Y, Chen X, Ma H, Yang C, Oksanen HM, Bamford DH.(2016) The complete genome of a viable archaeum isolated from 123-million-year-old rock salt. Environ Microbiol. 18(2):565-579. 12. ^Gupta, R.S., Naushad, S., Baker, S. (2015) CPhylogenomic analyses and molecular signatures for the class Halobacteria and its two major clades: a proposal for division of the class Halobacteria into an emended order Halobacteriales and two new orders, Haloferacales ord. nov. and Natrialbales ord. nov., containing the novel families Haloferacaceae fam. nov. and Natrialbaceae fam. nov.." Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 65: 1050-1069 13. ^Gupta RS, Naushad S, Fabros R, Adeolu M. (2016) "A phylogenomic reappraisal of family-level divisions within the class Halobacteria: proposal to divide the order Halobacteriales into the families Halobacteriaceae, Haloarculaceae fam. nov., and Halococcaceae fam. nov., and the order Haloferacales into the families, Haloferacaceae and Halorubraceae fam nov." Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2016 Feb 2. [Epub ahead of print] 14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=Ajar Nath|last2=Sharma|first2=Divya|last3=Gulati|first3=Sneha|last4=Singh|first4=Surender|last5=Dey|first5=Rinku|last6=Pal|first6=Kamal Krishna|last7=Kaushik|first7=Rajeev|last8=Saxena|first8=Anil Kumar|date=2015-07-28|title=Haloarchaea Endowed with Phosphorus Solubilization Attribute Implicated in Phosphorus Cycle|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/srep12293|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=5|pages=12293|doi=10.1038/srep12293|issn=2045-2322|pmc=4516986|pmid=26216440|bibcode=2015NatSR...512293Y}} 15. ^{{Cite journal |title=Extreme Microbes | first=Shiladitya | last=DasSarma |journal=American Scientist |date=2007 |volume=95 |issue=3 | pages=224–231 |issn=0003-0996 | doi=10.1511/2007.65.1024}} 16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Stevenson|first1=Andrew|last2=Cray|first2=Jonathan A|last3=Williams|first3=Jim P|last4=Santos|first4=Ricardo|last5=Sahay|first5=Richa|last6=Neuenkirchen|first6=Nils|last7=McClure|first7=Colin D|last8=Grant|first8=Irene R|last9=Houghton|first9=Jonathan DR|last10=Quinn|first10=John P|last11=Timson|first11=David J|last12=Patil|first12=Satish V|last13=Singhal|first13=Rekha S|last14=Antón|first14=Josefa|last15=Dijksterhuis|first15=Jan|last16=Hocking|first16=Ailsa D|last17=Lievens|first17=Bart|last18=Rangel|first18=Drauzio E N|last19=Voytek|first19=Mary A|last20=Gunde-Cimerman|first20=Nina|last21=Oren|first21=Aharon|last22=Timmis|first22=Kenneth N|last23=McGenity|first23=Terry J|last24=Hallsworth|first24=John E|title=Is there a common water-activity limit for the three domains of life?|volume=9|issue=6|pmc=4438321|journal=The ISME Journal|pages=1333–1351|doi=10.1038/ismej.2014.219|pmid=25500507|date=June 2015}} 17. ^{{cite journal|last1=Cheftel|first1=J. Claude|title=Review : High-pressure, microbial inactivation and food preservation|journal=Food Science and Technology International|volume=1|issue=2–3|pages=75–90|language=en|doi=10.1177/108201329500100203|date=1 August 1995}} 18. ^{{cite book|last1=Costa|first1=M. S. da|title=Biotechnology of Extremophiles|volume=61|last2=Santos|first2=H.|last3=Galinski|first3=E. A.|publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg|pages=117–153|language=en|doi=10.1007/bfb0102291|date=1998|series=Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology|isbn=978-3-540-63817-9}} 19. ^{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Timothy|last2=Allen|first2=Michelle|last3=Tschitschko|first3=Bernhard|last4=Cavicchioli|first4=Ricardo|title=Glycerol metabolism of haloarchaea|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=864–877|doi=10.1111/1462-2920.13580|pmid=27768817|year=2017}} 20. ^{{cite journal|last1=Soppa|first1=J.|last2=Baumann|first2=A.|last3=Brenneis|first3=M.|last4=Dambeck|first4=M|last5=Hering|first5=O.|last6=Lange|first6=C.|title=Genomics and functional genomics with haloarchaea|journal=Archives of Microbiology|volume=190|issue=3|pages=197–215|language=en|doi=10.1007/s00203-008-0376-4|pmid=18493745|year=2008}} 21. ^{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Timothy|last2=Allen|first2=Michelle|last3=Tschitschko|first3=Bernhard|last4=Cavicchioli|first4=Ricardo|title=Glycerol metabolism of haloarchaea|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=864–877|doi=10.1111/1462-2920.13580|pmid=27768817|year=2017}} 22. ^{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Timothy|last2=Allen|first2=Michelle|last3=Tschitschko|first3=Bernhard|last4=Cavicchioli|first4=Ricardo|title=Glycerol metabolism of haloarchaea|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=864–877|doi=10.1111/1462-2920.13580|pmid=27768817|year=2017}} 23. ^{{cite web |last=DasSarma |first=Shiladitya |title=Extreme Halophiles Are Models for Astrobiology |url=http://www.asm.org/ASM/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000002127/znw00306000120.pdf |accessdate=2007-03-17 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070202065749/http://www.asm.org/ASM/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000002127/znw00306000120.pdf |archivedate = 2007-02-02}} Further readingScientific journals
Scientific books
Scientific databases{{Taxonomic references|taxon=Halobacteria}}External links{{Taxonomic links|microbe=yes|NCBI_taxID=183963|taxoname=Halobacteria|LSPN_letter=h|LSPN_taxoname=halobacteria}}
3 : Halophiles|Euryarchaeota|Halobacteria |
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