| 词条 | Hammershus |
| 释义 |
Hammershus is Scandinavia's largest medieval fortification, situated {{convert|74|m}} above sea level on Hammeren, the northern tip of the Danish island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea. Erected in the 13th century, it was long believed that the castle was built as a private residence for the archbishop of Lund. However, new evidence found at the ruins of the castle suggests it was constructed in the beginning of the century as a royal residence for Valdemar II of Denmark and a base for the Danish crusades, according to Kjeld Borch Westh, superintendent of the National Museum of Denmark.{{Reference needed|date=June 2014}} The fortification consists of the base castle residence and accompanying Mantel Tower, and includes a great stonewall stretching {{convert|750|m}} around the castle grounds. Bricks found at the tower during the renovation led Westh and other experts to revise their theory on when the structure was originally constructed, moving back the date from around 1255 to the beginning of the century, when Valdemar became king. HistoryDuring a number of successive struggles between the kings of Denmark versus the Archbishopric, the fortress, serving as a refuge for the Archbishops, e.g. Jens Grand, was conquered by the king's army on a number of occasions, e.g. 1259, 1265, 1319, and 1325. In 1521, it was taken by king Christian II, who used it to imprison Bishop Jens Andersen Beldenak of Funen. The fortress was conquered by forces of Lübeck the same year. In 1658, Hammershus was occupied by Swedish forces, but a rebellion on the island terminated the Swedish rule. The rebels, led by Jens Pedersen Kofoed, shot the Swedish commandant Johan Printzenskiöld, and the Danish peasants traveled to Copenhagen to return the island to the king of Denmark. Corfitz Ulfeldt and his wife Leonora Christina were imprisoned in Hammershus 1660–1661, and the fortress was used as a prison on several other occasions. The fortress was partially demolished around 1750 and is now a ruin. It was partially restored around 1900. DescriptionVisitors to Hammershus have views of the coastline and the sea surrounding Bornholm. South of the castle is a deep valley, water filled hollows, and dense forest. There are a number points before arriving at castle where enemies could be stopped. The castle was built with box-like rooms surrounded by rings of fortifications. Each provided an additional layer of protection from invaders. Two natural spring ponds provided fresh drinking water on the side of the castle. Hammershus Fortress features a {{convert|750|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} perimeter wall and features a grand tower called the "mantel" tower. Hammershus is the largest medieval fortification in Northern Europe.[1] ArtBecause of the unusual light on Bornholm, and because it has only four hours of darkness in summer, many of Denmark's earliest artists chose to paint views of Hammerhus. One of the most notable is by Anton Eduard Kieldrup, created in 1849, which is on display at the Bornholm Art Museum.{{fact|date=December 2017}} Notes1. ^[https://archive.is/20120722170934/http://www.bornholmsmuseer.dk/hammershus/index.html Bornholm Museum] References{{commons category|Hammershus}}
7 : Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century|Ruins in Denmark|Ruined castles in Denmark|Former castles in Denmark|Forts in Denmark|Buildings and structures in Bornholm|Tourist attractions in the Capital Region of Denmark |
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