“Hans Köchler's Lockerbie trial observer mission”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Hans Köchler's Lockerbie trial observer mission stemmed from the dispute between the United Kingdom, the United States, and Libya concerning arrangements for the trial of two Libyans accused of causing the explosion of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie on 21 December 1988.

The dispute was resolved on the basis of legally binding United Nations Security Council Resolution 1192 of 27 August 1998.^[1]

UN-nominated observers

UN Security Council resolution 1192 "welcomed" "the initiative for the trial of the two [Libyan] persons charged with the bombing of Pan Am flight 103 ... before a Scottish court sitting in the Netherlands" and "invited" the Secretary-General of the United Nations "to nominate international observers to attend the trial". By a letter dated 28 October 1997, the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom had informed the Secretary-General "that the United Kingdom would welcome the presence of international observers from the United Nations at the trial of the suspects in the Lockerbie bombing".^[2] At a UN press conference on 5 April 1999, Secretary-General Kofi Annan, in reply to a journalist's question, said: "Well, there are provisions for international observers, and this is something that we will need to work out. There have been suggestions that there could be international observers from various organizations, from the Arab League, from the OAU, from NAM and all that. But we are going to coordinate that and make sure that there is an effective international presence during the trial, to monitor ... "^[3]

In a letter dated 25 April 2000, addressed to the President of the Security Council, Secretary-General Kofi Annan nominated five international observers, one each from the European Union, the League of Arab States, and jointly from the Organization of African Unity and the Non-Aligned Movement, and two from the International Progress Organization, a Vienna-based NGO in consultative status with the United Nations, among them the organisation's President, Hans Köchler, Professor at the University of Innsbruck, Austria.^[4]

Reports on the trial and appeal

Hans Köchler was the only international observer to submit comprehensive reports on the Lockerbie trial and appeal proceedings to the Secretary-General of the United Nations who, in turn, forwarded them to the Registrar of the Scottish Court in the Netherlands.

Köchler's reports were highly critical of the proceedings and challenged the fairness and impartiality of the High Court of Justiciary. Their publication triggered a large-scale international debate, including in the British House of Commons,^[5] about the politicisation of criminal trials in the context of power politics. Köchler had characterised the initial trial verdict of 31 January 2001 (which had led to the acquittal of one of the two accused Libyans) as "inconsistent" and "arbitrary". On the day of the announcement of the appeal verdict (14 March 2002) he described the dismissal of the convicted Libyan national's appeal as a "spectacular miscarriage of justice".^[6]

Second Lockerbie appeal

Upon publication on 28 June 2007 of a summary of a report by the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission, which took four years to review Abdelbaset al-Megrahi's case and granted him leave for a second appeal against conviction, Köchler issued a statement in which he expressed surprise at the Commission's focus and apparent bias in favour of the judicial establishment in Scotland:

He called for the full report of the SCCRC to be published, for a full and independent public inquiry into the Lockerbie bombing case and for the proceedings of the Court of Criminal Appeal to be witnessed by international observers.^[8]

On 4 July 2007, Köchler wrote to Scottish first minister, Alex Salmond, British foreign secretary, David Miliband, home secretary, Jacqui Smith and minister for Africa, Asia and the UN, Mark Malloch Brown, reiterating his call for a public inquiry into the Lockerbie case and insisting that UN-appointed legal experts (from countries other than the UK, US and Libya) should be involved in

In the June 2008 edition of the Scottish lawyers' magazine The Firm, Köchler referred to the 'totalitarian' nature of the second Lockerbie appeal process saying it "bears the hallmarks of an 'intelligence operation'."^[10]^[11]

Wide-ranging debate

Köchler's reports as UN-appointed international observer of one of the most controversial criminal trials in British history have led to a global debate on the role of NGO observers in the context of international criminal justice.^[12]^[13]

Through his novel and pro-active interpretation of his assignment as UN-appointed "international observer",^[14] he has redefined the role of observers in the context of international criminal justice. His reports have been published as landmark documents of international law in collections such as that of the Peace Palace Library of the International Court of Justice.

His experience as observer of the Lockerbie trial led him to write the book Global Justice or Global Revenge? (2003) in which he describes the challenges faced by international criminal justice under the conditions of power politics and draws general conclusions in terms of the doctrine of international law.

In September 2008, following a meeting organised by the Lockerbie Justice Group at Greshornish House on the Isle of Skye, Köchler and Professor Robert Black called for a new public inquiry into the Lockerbie bombing.^[15] Köchler said:

During Köchler's visit to Scotland, he met former MP and Lockerbie activist Tam Dalyell, MSP Alex Neil and Iain McKie, father of Scottish policewoman Shirley McKie. On 18 September 2008, he delivered a keynote speech on the "Lockerbie Trial and the Rule of Law" organised by The Firm magazine which was held at the Glasgow Hilton Hotel. Focusing on the public interest immunity certificate deployed by the British government, Köchler said:^[16]

Dr. Hans Koechler's two observer reports

IPO documents

United Nations documents

Selected media articles

Köchler's publications on Lockerbie

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1998/scres98.htm |title=Text of UNSCR 1192 of 1998 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=5 June 2010}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/LibyanArabJamahiriya/6372e.html |title=UN Press Release of 30 October 1997, SG/SM/6372 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=5 June 2010}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftp.fas.org/irp/news/1999/04/19990405_sgsm6944.htm |title=UN Press Release of 5 April 1999, SG/SM/6944 |publisher=Ftp.fas.org |accessdate=5 June 2010}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.i-p-o.org/nomination-observers.pdf |title=Nomination of international observers |format=PDF |accessdate=5 June 2010}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://i-p-o.org/report-House-of-Commons.htm |title=House of Commons debate |publisher=I-p-o.org |accessdate=5 June 2010}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/1872996.stm |title=UN monitor decries Lockerbie judgement |publisher=BBC News |date=14 March 2002 |accessdate=5 June 2010}}
7. ^This could open a can of worms for the entire Scottish justice system Glasgow Herald 28 June 2007
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://i-p-o.org/koechler-lockerbie-referral-29June2007.htm |title=Statement of 29 June 2007 |publisher=I-p-o.org |accessdate=5 June 2010}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://i-p-o.org/IPO-nr-Lockerbie-04July07.htm |title=Call for "full and independent public inquiry into the Lockerbie case" |publisher=I-p-o.org |accessdate=5 June 2010}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thefirmmagazine.com/news/901/UN_Observer_to_the_Lockerbie_Trial_says_%E2%80%98totalitarian%E2%80%99_appeal_process_bears_the_hallmarks_of_an_%E2%80%9Cintelligence_operation%E2%80%9D_.html |title=UN Observer to the Lockerbie Trial says 'totalitarian' appeal process bears the hallmarks of an "intelligence operation" |publisher=Thefirmmagazine.com |accessdate=5 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907175101/http://www.thefirmmagazine.com/news/901/UN_Observer_to_the_Lockerbie_Trial_says_%E2%80%98totalitarian%E2%80%99_appeal_process_bears_the_hallmarks_of_an_%E2%80%9Cintelligence_operation%E2%80%9D_.html |archivedate=7 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
11. ^Lockerbie bomber hearing 'flawed' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829142847/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article4138649.ece |date=29 August 2008 }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://hanskoechler.com/Cambodia_trials-Rogers-2006-excerpt.pdf |title=JI 2005.2 v.1 |format=PDF |accessdate=5 June 2010}}
13. ^See also "The Role of Fair Trial Observers" in: M. P. Scharf, "Errors and Missteps: Key Lessons the Iraqi Special Tribunal Can Learn from the ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL," Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies, Case School of Law, Sept. 2005, pp. 24ff
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://i-p-o.org/Lockerbie-statement-koechler.htm |title=Statement of 9 June 2001 |publisher=I-p-o.org |accessdate=5 June 2010}}
15. ^{{cite news |title=Legal experts call for new public inquiry on Lockerbie bomb |date=17 September 2008 |work=The Scotsman |location=UK|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/scotland/Legal-experts-call--for.4498100.jp |accessdate=17 September 2008}}
16. ^{{cite web |title=Law and Politics in the Lockerbie Case |date=22 September 2008|publisher=International Progress Organization |url=http://i-p-o.org/IPO-nr-Lockerbie-22Sept08.htm |accessdate=22 September 2008}}