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词条 Haplogroup B (mtDNA)
释义

  1. Origin

  2. Distribution

     Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B 

  3. Subclades

     Tree 

  4. Popular culture

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{about|the human mtDNA haplogroup|the human Y-DNA haplogroup|Haplogroup B-M60}}{{Infobox haplogroup
| name = B
|map=Peopling of eurasia.jpg
| origin-date = 50,000 YBP
| origin-place = Southeastern Asia
| ancestor = R11'B
| descendants = B4, B5, B7
| mutations = 8281-8289d[1]
}}

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was haplogroup R.

The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.[2]

Distribution

Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to South East Asia,[3] as well as speakers of the Austronesian languages.

A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labelled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.

Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia.[4] However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks.[5] This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran,[5] Iraq,[6] Japan, Korea, Laos,[7] Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, and Vietnam.[8][9]

Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%).[10][11][12] However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar),[14] Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%),[13] South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%),[9] Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan),[14] and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).[15]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B

PopulationFrequencyCountSourceSubtypes
Carolinian (Saipan)1.00017Vilar|2013}}B4a1a1a=15, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=2
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.60010Wen|2005}}B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=3, B4a=1, B4e=1, B4f=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.48127Wen|2005}}B4a=7, B4b1=5, B5a=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.42935Wen|2005}}B5a=7, B4e=3, B4b1=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=1, B(xB4, B5)=1
Filipino0.42264Tabbada|2010}}B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=8, B5b=7, B4b1=6, B4c1b=4, B4a1a1=1, B5a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.39041Wen|2005}}B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=6, B4a=3
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.37524Wen|2005}}B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.369168Peng|2010}}B5a=27, B4c2=18, B4c1b2=3, B4h=3, B4a1(xB4a1a)=2, B4g=2, B5b2a=2, B4a(xB4a1)=1, B4a1a=1, B4b1=1, B4c1b(xB4c1b2)=1, B5b1=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.36819Wen|2005}}B5a=3, B4a=2, B4b1=1, B4e=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.367177Tabbada|2010}}B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=20, B5b=18, B4b1=13, B4c1b=10, B5a=2, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B7=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.33339Wen|2005}}B5a=8, B4a=5
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.32128Li|2007}}B4a=6, B5a=2, B4c=1
Kinh (Vietnamese)0.317139He|2012}}B4=24, B5=19, B6=1
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.31332Wen|2005}}B4a=5, B5a=3, B4e=2
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.30040Wen|2005}}B5a=5, B4a=3, B4e=2, B4b1=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.29341Yao|2002}}B5a=4, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=4, B4a=3, B4(xB4a)=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.28025Wen|2005}}B4a=5, B5a=2
Filipino (Visayas)0.277112Tabbada|2010}}B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=11, B4b1=8, B4c1b=7, B5b=5
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.26926Wen|2005}}B4a=3, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B4f=1
Laos0.262214Bodner|2011}}B5a=26, B4g=7, B4c2=6, B4a'g*=3, B4a1*=3, B4b1a2a=2, B4e=2, B4*=1, B4a1b=1, B4b1*=1, B4b1a1'2*=1, B4c1b=1, B5b=1, B6=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.25831Wen|2005}}B4a=4, B5a=3, B4b1=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.25032Wen|2004}}B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.25032Wen|2005}}B5a=4, B4a=2, B4f=1, B5b=1
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.25016Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1, B5a=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.24445Wen|2004}}B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3, B5a=3
Filipino (Mindanao)0.24370Tabbada|2010}}B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=7, B4b1=5, B5b=3, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B4a1a1=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.23842Wen|2005}}B4a=3, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Han (Taiwanese)0.234111Chen|2013}}B4+C16261T+G16129A!=6, B5a1=3, B4+C16261T=2, B4b1a2=2, B4b1b'c=2, B4c1b2a(xB4c1b2a2)=2, B4g=2, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=1, B4a4=1, B4b1a3=1, B4c1b+A16335G=1, B4c1c=1, B5b(xB5b2a)=1, B5b2a=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631Li|2007}}B4a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4b=1, B5a=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.21119Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=1, B5a=1
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.20991Umetsu|2005}}B4(xB4f)=13, B5=6
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.206102Liu|2011}}B4a=5, B4b1=5, B5a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c, B4e, B4f, B4g)=3, B5b=2, B4c=1
Korean (South Korea)0.204103Derenko|2007}}B4=13, B5=8
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)0.20055Zheng|2011}}B5=6, B4=5
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.20015Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Han (Southern California)0.192390Ji|2012}}B=75
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.19021Qian|2001}}B4a=2, B4(xB4a)=1, B5b=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.190137Ji|2012}}B4b'd=9, B4a=6, B5a=4, B4c=3, B(xB4a, B4b'd, B4c, B5a, B5b, B6)=2, B5b=1, B6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.18864Wen|2004}}B4a=5, B5b=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.184103Wen|2005}}B5a=6, B4a=5, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B4e=1, B4f=1, B5b=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18233Wen|2004}}B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.18211Wen|2005}}B4a=1, B4b1=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)0.180261Kim|2008}}B(xB5)=32, B5=15
Han (Taiwan)0.1791117Ji|2012}}B=200
CHD (Han from Denver, Colorado)0.17873Zheng|2011}}B4=12, B5=1
Hui (Xinjiang)0.17845Yao|2004}}B4a=4, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B6=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.17540Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=5, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.17229Li|2007}}B4b=3, B5a=2
Thailand0.171105Kaewsutthi|2011}}B(xB5a1)=13, B5a1=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.17135Wen|2004}}B5a=4, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.16050Wen|2004}}B4a=4, B(xB4, B5)=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5a=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.156160Umetsu|2005}}B4(xB4f)=15, B5=10
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.15645Kong|2003}}B4(xB4a, B4b)=4, B4a=3
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.155633Fuku|2007}}B=98
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.15020Li|2007}}B4b=1, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=1, B6=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.14947Derenko|2007}}B4=5, B5=2
Korean (South Korea)0.148203Umetsu|2005}}B4(xB4f)=24, B5=6
Korean (South Korea)0.146185Jin|2009}}B4a=11, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=7, B4b1=4, B5a=2, B5b=2, B4c=1
Vietnamese0.14342Jin|2009}}B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=3, B4a=1, B4b(xB4b1)=1, B5a=1
Okinawa0.141326Umetsu|2005}}B4(xB4f)=28, B4f=10, B5=8
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)0.140121Zheng|2011}}B4=14, B5=3
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)0.136118Zheng|2011}}B4=11, B5=5
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.13330Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.129217Asari|2007}}B4(xB4f)=18, B4f=5, B5=5
Japanese (Tōkai)0.124282Umetsu|2005}}B4(xB4f)=26, B5=9
Japanese (Gifu)0.1211617Fuku|2007}}B=196
Negidal0.12133Starikovskaya|2005}}B5b2=4
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.119336Umetsu|2005}}B4(xB4f)=24, B5=15, B4f=1
Korean (northern China)0.11851Jin|2009}}B4a=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)0.11371Derenko|2007}}B4=8
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.11118Wen|2004}}B4a=1, B5a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.11154Ji|2012}}B4a=5, B5b=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.109256Umetsu|2005}}B4(xB4f)=19, B5=8, B4f=1
Japanese0.109211Maruyama|2003}}B4b1=14, B5b=4, B5a=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.10647Kong|2003}}B4b=4, B5b=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.10448Kong|2003}}B4b=2, B5b=2, B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.10448Kong|2003}}B4b=3, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Beijing)0.10040Jin|2009}}B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.10030Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Thai0.10040Jin|2009}}B5a=3, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.09731Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B(xB4, B5)=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.090100Uchiyama|2007}}B4b1a1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=2, B5b=2
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.08857Derenko|2007}}B4=5
Han (Xinjiang)0.08547Yao|2004}}B5a=2, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan)0.08547Yao|2004}}B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.08547Jin|2009}}B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1, B5b=1
Tuvan0.08495Starikovskaya|2005}}B4a1c2=4, B5=2, B4(xB4a1c2, B4b1a, B4d1a)=1, B4b1a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.08324Ji|2012}}B=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.081149Derenko|2012}}B4c1a2(xB4c1a2a)=4, B4f1=2, B5b(xB5b2)=2, B4c1a2a=1, B4b1a3a1a=1, B4d1=1, B5b2=1
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota)0.076105Vilar|2013}}B4a1a1a=7, B4b1=1
Manchurian0.07540Jin|2009}}B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540Comas|2004}}B=3
Uyghur (Penjim, Panfilov District, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.07355Yao|2004}}B5a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1
Buryat0.071126Kong|2003}}B4(xB4a, B4b)=5, B5b=2, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1, B4b=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.07199Derenko|2007}}B4=5, B5=2
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316Comas|2004}}B=1
Persian (eastern Iran)0.06182Derenko|2007}}B4=4, B5=1
Nogai (Dagestan)0.06133Marchani|2008}}B=2
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.05735Ji|2012}}B=2
Kazakh (Kegen Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.05555Yao|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1, B5b=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.05437Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.053133Fornarino|2009}}B5a=7
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.05258Yao|2004}}B4b1=2, B4c=1
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas|2004}}B=1
Filipino (Palawan)0.05020Scholes|2011}}B4a1a=1
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas|2004}}B=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas|2004}}B=1
Shor (Kemerovo Oblast)0.04982Derenko|2007}}B4=4
Va (Simao, Yunnan)0.04522Qian|2001}}B4(xB4a)=1
Altai Kizhi0.04490Derenko|2007}}B4=3, B5=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.04468Wen|2004}}B5a=2, B4b1=1
Tofalar0.04346Starikovskaya|2005}}B4a1c2=2
Kyrgyz (Bakay-Ata, Kyrgyzstan)0.04248Yao|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B5b=1
Tubalar0.04272Starikovskaya|2005}}B4b1a=3
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)0.04173Derenko|2007}}B4=3
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.04198Derenko|2012}}B5b2=3, B4c1b=1
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsky, Irkutsk Oblast)0.04025Starikovskaya|2005}}B4d1a=1
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.03853Yao|2004}}B4a=2
Teleut (Kemerovo Oblast)0.03853Derenko|2007}}B4=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.036110Derenko|2007}}B4=3, B5=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.03429Ji|2012}}B4a=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.034295Derenko|2007}}B4=9, B5=1
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.02935Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.02836Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)0.02836Yao|2002}}B5a=1
Yakut (Yakutia)0.02836Derenko|2007}}B4=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.02540Fornarino|2009}}B5a=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.02540Wen|2004}}B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.02344Kong|2003}}B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.02147Yao|2004}}B(xB4, B5, B6)=1
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.02049Yao|2004}}B4b1=1
Ainu0.02051Sato|2009}}
{{harvnb|Tajima|2004}}		B4f1=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.019105Derenko|2007}}B4=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.01856Wen|2004}}B4a=1
Nogai (Nogaysky, Dagestan & Adyge-Khabalsky, Karachay-Cherkessia)0.015206Bermisheva|2004}}B=3
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.01474Ji|2012}}B4a=1
Bashkir0.009221Bermisheva|2002}}B=2
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015Derenko|2007}} –
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00016Comas|2004}} –
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas|2004}} –
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas|2004}} –
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas|2004}} –
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas|2004}} –
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas|2004}} –
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024Fornarino|2009}} –
Nganasan0.00024Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.00024Wen|2004}} –
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025Derenko|2007}} –
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029Fornarino|2009}} –
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.00029Ji|2012}} –
Batak (Palawan)0.00031Scholes|2011}} –
Ket0.00038Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.00044Derenko|2007}} –
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.00044Ji|2012}} –
Evenk (Buryatia)0.00045Derenko|2007}} –
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai)0.00046Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Itelmen0.00047Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Chuvash0.00055Bermisheva|2002}} –
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Komi-Zyryans0.00062Bermisheva|2002}} –
Mansi0.00063Pimenoff|2008}} –
Chukchi0.00066Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tuguro-Chumikan)0.00071Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.00071Malyarchuk|2010}} –
Komi-Permyaks0.00074Bermisheva|2002}} –
Siberian Eskimo0.00079Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Ulchi0.00087Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Mansi0.00098Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Udmurt0.000101Bermisheva|2002}} –
Mordvinian0.000102Bermisheva|2002}} –
Khanty0.000106Pimenoff|2008}} –
Yakut0.000117Kong|2003}} –
Tatar (Buinsk)0.000126Malyarchuk|2010}} –
Mari0.000136Bermisheva|2002}} –
Koryak0.000155Starikovskaya|2005}} –
Tatar0.000228Bermisheva|2002}} –
{{clear}}

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.

  • B'R11'R24
    • B4'5 - China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave)
    • B4
    • B4a - Han Chinese (Denver), Uyghur
    • B4a1
    • B4a1a - Philippines (Ivatan), Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands)
    • B4a1a1 (14022) - Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville)[16] the Polynesian motif,[17][18][19][20] or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
    • B4a1a1a (16247) - Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
    • B4a1a1a1 - Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
    • B4a1a1a1a - Solomon Islands (Savo)
    • B4a1a1a1a1 - Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
    • B4a1a1a1b - Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
    • B4a1a1a1c - Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
    • B4a1a1a1d - Tonga
    • B4a1a1a2 - Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
    • B4a1a1a2a - Solomon Islands (Malaita)
    • B4a1a1a2b - Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
    • B4a1a1a3 - Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
    • B4a1a1a4 - Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
    • B4a1a1a5 - Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
    • B4a1a1a6 - Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
    • B4a1a1a7 - Solomon Islands (Bellona)
    • B4a1a1a8 - Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
    • B4a1a1a9 - Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
    • B4a1a1a10 - Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
    • B4a1a1a11 - Solomon Islands (Simbo)
    • B4a1a1a11a - Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
    • B4a1a1a11b - Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
    • B4a1a1a12 - Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
    • B4a1a1a13 - Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
    • B4a1a1a14 - Papua New Guinea (Buka)
    • B4a1a1a15 - Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
    • B4a1a1a16 - Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
    • B4a1a1a17 - Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
    • B4a1a1a18 - Cook Islands
    • B4a1a1a19 - Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
    • B4a1a1a20 - Tuvalu
    • B4a1a1a21 - Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
    • B4a1a1a22 - Niue, Samoa
    • B4a1a1a23 - Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
    • B4a1a1b - Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
    • B4a1a1c - Cook Islands
    • B4a1a1d - Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
    • B4a1a1e - Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
    • B4a1a1f - Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
    • B4a1a1g - Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
    • B4a1a1h - Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
    • B4a1a1i - Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
    • B4a1a1j - Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
    • B4a1a1k - Tonga, Samoa
    • B4a1a1k1 - Tonga, Samoa
    • B4a1a1m - Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
    • B4a1a1m1 - Cook Islands, Tuvalu
    • B4a1a1n - Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
    • B4a1a1o - Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
    • B4a1a1p - Solomon Islands (Gela)
    • B4a1a1q - Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
    • B4a1a1r - Cook Islands
    • B4a1a1s - Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
    • B4a1a1t - Samoa, Cook Islands
    • B4a1a1u - Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
    • B4a1a1v - Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
    • B4a1a1w - Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
    • B4a1a1x - Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
    • B4a1a1y - Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
    • B4a1a1z - Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
    • B4a1a1aa - Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
    • B4a1a1ab - Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
    • B4a1a1ac - Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
    • B4a1a1ad - Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
    • B4a1a1ae - Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
    • B4a1a1af - Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
    • B4a1a2 - Taiwan (Amis)
    • B4a1a3 - Taiwan (Ami)
    • B4a1a3a - Taiwan (Siraya)
    • B4a1a3a1 - Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
    • B4a1a3a1a - Taiwan (Amis)
    • B4a1a4 - Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
    • B4a1a5 - Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
    • B4a1a5a - Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
    • B4a1a6 - Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
    • B4a1a6a - Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
    • B4a1a7 - Taiwan (Amis)
    • B4a1b'e - Naxi
    • B4a1b - Japan
    • B4a1b1 - Japan (Korean and/or Native American according to 23andMe)
    • B4a1b1a - Japan, Korea
    • B4a1e - China, Vietnam
    • B4a1c
    • B4a1c1 - Japan
    • B4a1c1a - Japan, China
    • B4a1c1a1 - Japan
    • B4a1c2'4'5
    • B4a1c2 - Tuvan, Tofalar
    • B4a1c4 - Mongol (Hulun Buir), Thailand
    • B4a1c5 - China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
    • B4a1c3
    • B4a1c3a - Japan
    • B4a1c3b - Japan, China
    • B4a1d - Vietnam
    • B4a2 - Japan
    • B4a2a - Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
    • B4a2a1 - Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
    • B4a2a2 - Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
    • B4a2a3 - Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
    • B4a2b - China (Han from Beijing)
    • B4a2b1 - China
    • B4a2b1a - Japan
    • B4a3 - Tibet (Nagqu), Japan
    • B4a4 - China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Naxi, Uyghur, Ladakh, Yakut, Japan
    • B4a5 - Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (Hmong, Yao, Gelao)
    • B4g
    • B4g1
    • B4g1a - Thailand, Vietnam
    • B4g1b - Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver)
    • B4g2 - Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan)
    • B4h - China, Vietnam
    • B4h1 - China (Fujian, etc.)
    • B4i - China
    • B4i1 - China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
    • B4k - China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
    • B4m - Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
    • B4b'd'e'j
    • B4b
    • B2 - Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
    • B2a - Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
    • B2a1 - USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
    • B2a1a - USA (Hispanics)
    • B2a1a1 - Mexico (Chihuahua)
    • B2a1b - Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
    • B2a2 - USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
    • B2a3 - Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
    • B2a4
    • B2a4a - Mexico (Sinaloa)
    • B2a4a1 - Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
    • B2a5 - Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
    • B2b - Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
    • B2b1 - Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
    • B2b2 - Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
    • B2b2a - Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
    • B2b3 - Yanomama
    • B2b3a - Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
    • B2b4 - USA (Mexican)
    • B2c - Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada
    • B2c1 - Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
    • B2c1a - USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
    • B2c1b - USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
    • B2c1c - USA (Mexican)
    • B2c2 - USA (Mexican)
    • B2c2a - USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
    • B2c2b - USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
    • B2d - Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
    • B2e - Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
    • B2f - USA (Mexican)
    • B2g
    • B2g1 - Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
    • B2g2
    • B2h - Ache
    • B2i
    • B2i1 - Kayapo
    • B2i2 - Chile
    • B2i2a - Mapuche
    • B2i2a1 - Chile
    • B2i2a1a - Chile, Argentina
    • B2i2a1b - Chile
    • B2i2b - Chile
    • B2i2b1 - Chile
    • B2j
    • B2k - Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
    • B2l - Venezuela, Ecuador
    • B2m
    • B2n
    • B2o - Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
    • B2o1 - Ecuador, Bolivia
    • B2o1a - Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
    • B2p - USA (Mexican)
    • B2q - Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
    • B2r - USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
    • B2s - USA (Mexican)
    • B2t - Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
    • B2u
    • B2v
    • B2w
    • B2x
    • B2y - South America (Andes), Peru
    • B2y1 - USA
    • B4b1
    • B4b1a - Tubalar, China
    • B4b1a1 - Japan
    • B4b1a1a - Japan
    • B4b1a1b - Japan
    • B4b1a1c - Japan
    • B4b1a2 - Japan, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Thailand/Laos
    • B4b1a2a - Thailand, Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Japan
    • B4b1a2b - Taiwan (Ami)
    • B4b1a2b1 - Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
    • B4b1a2b2 - Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
    • B4b1a2c - Philippines (Mamanwa)
    • B4b1a2d - Philippines (Surigaonon)
    • B4b1a2e - China (She people, etc.)
    • B4b1a2f - Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
    • B4b1a2g - Taiwan (Bunun)
    • B4b1a2g1 - Taiwan (Bunun)
    • B4b1a2h - Taiwan (Ami)
    • B4b1a2i - Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal), Tuvalu
    • B4b1a3 - Uyghur, Hazara (Pakistan), Buryat, Han Chinese (Denver)
    • B4b1a3a - Khamnigan, Buryat, Yakut, Shor, Altai Kizhi, Uyghur, Chuvash
    • B4b1b'c
    • B4b1b - Japan, Korean, southern China, Vietnam
    • B4b1c - China, Taiwan, South Korea
    • B4b1c1 - Vietnam (Kinh), Thailand, Japan
    • B4b1c2 - Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), Taiwan (Hakka)
    • B4d
    • B4d1'2'3
    • B4d1 - China (Han from Fengcheng, etc.)
    • B4d1a - Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)
    • B4d2 - China (Han from Qingdao)
    • B4d3 - China (Han from Beijing)
    • B4d3a - China
    • B4d3a1 - Japan (Ibaraki, etc.)
    • B4d4 - Japan (Chiba, etc.)
    • B4e - China, Japan (Tokyo)
    • B4j - Buryat
    • B4c - Thailand
    • B4c1
    • B4c1a'b
    • B4c1a - Tibet, Sarikoli (Tashkurgan)
    • B4c1a1 - Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
    • B4c1a1a - Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
    • B4c1a1a1 - Japan (Tokyo)
    • B4c1a1a1a - Japan (Aichi, etc.)
    • B4c1a1a2 - Japan (Aichi)
    • B4c1a1b - Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
    • B4c1a1c - Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
    • B4c1a2 - Buryat
    • B4c1a2a - Barghut (Hulun Buir), Khamnigan, Kyrgyz (Artux)
    • B4c1b - Uyghur, Thailand/Laos, Japan (Aichi)
    • B4c1b1 - Japan (Tokyo)
    • B4c1b1a - Japan (Tokyo)
    • B4c1b2 - Japan (Chiba)
    • B4c1b2a - Thailand, China (Han from Fengcheng)
    • B4c1b2a1 - China (Zhejiang, etc.), Uyghur, Japan
    • B4c1b2a2 - Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Philippines (Ivatan)
    • B4c1b2a2a - Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
    • B4c1b2a2b - Philippines (Ivatan)
    • B4c1b2b - Taiwan (Minnan), Han Chinese (Denver)
    • B4c1b2c - Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Thailand/Laos, Hazara (Pakistan)
    • B4c1b2c1 - China (Han from Beijing), Taiwan (Minnan), Japan
    • B4c1b2c2 - China, Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Vietnam (Kinh), Thailand/Laos
    • B4c1c - Japan, South Korea, China
    • B4c1c1 - Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.)
    • B4c2 - Thailand, Vietnam (Kinh, Ha Nhi), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra, etc.)
    • B4c2a - Thailand, China, Uyghur, Uzbek
    • B4c2b - Vietnam (Cham), Malaysia (Seletar)
    • B4c2c - Thailand, Vietnam (Dao), Taiwan (Minnan), China (Tu)
    • B4f - Japan (Aichi)
    • B4f1 - Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
    • B5
    • B5a - Thailand, Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
    • B5a1 - Thailand, Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
    • B5a1a - Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Thailand, Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan)
    • B5a1a1 - Nicobar Islands
    • B5a1b - China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran[21]
    • B5a1b1 - Cambodia (Jarai), Philippines
    • B5a1c - Taiwan (Minnan)
    • B5a1c1 - Taiwan (Minnan)
    • B5a1c1a - Han Chinese
    • B5a1c1a1 - China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
    • B5a1c2 - China (Han)
    • B5a1d - Thailand, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
    • B5a2 - China (Han from Hunan)
    • B5a2a
    • B5a2a1 - Han Chinese
    • B5a2a1a - China
    • B5a2a1b - Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
    • B5a2a2
    • B5a2a2a
    • B5a2a2a1 - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
    • B5a2a2a2 - Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
    • B5a2a2b
    • B5a2a2b1 - Philippines (Ivatan)
    • B5a2a2b1a - Taiwan (Bunun)
    • B5a2a2b2 - Taiwan (Makatao)
    • B5b - China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
    • B5b1 - China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand/Laos, Cambodia (Lao)
    • B5b1a - China, Thailand/Laos
    • B5b1a1 - Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
    • B5b1a2 - Japan (Tokyo)
    • B5b1a2a - Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
    • B5b1c - Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek)
    • B5b1c1 - Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
    • B5b1c1a - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
    • B5b2 - Russian old settler in Siberia (Pokhosk Village, Sakha Republic), Uyghur, China (Han), Philippines, Malaysia (Bidayuh)
    • B5b2a - Negidal, Khamnigan
    • B5b2a1 - Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
    • B5b2a2 - Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Buryat, Hezhen
    • B5b2a2a
    • B5b2a2a1 - Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
    • B5b2a2a2 - Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
    • B5b2b - Yakut
    • B5b2c - Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)
    • B5b2c1 - China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
    • B5b3
    • B5b3a - Japan (Aichi, etc.), China
    • B5b3b - Japan
    • B5b4 - China, Altai Kizhi
    • B5b5 - Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
    • R11'B6
    • R11 - China (Han from Beijing)
    • R11a - Japan
    • R11b - China
    • R11b1
    • R11b1a - China (Han from Beijing), Altai Kizhi
    • R11b1b - China (Han from Qingdao and Hunan)
    • B6
    • B6a - China (Han from Tai'an)
    • B6a1 - Philippines
    • B6a1a - Myanmar, Malaysia (Temuan)
    • R24 - Philippines (Mamanwa)
    • R24a - Philippines

Popular culture

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.

See also

{{Commons category|Haplogroup B (mtDNA)}}
  • Genealogical DNA test
  • Genetic Genealogy
  • Human mitochondrial genetics
  • Population Genetics
  • Indigenous Amerindian genetics
{{MtDNA}}

References

1. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation|journal=Human Mutation|date=13 Oct 2008|first=Mannis|last=van Oven|author2=Manfred Kayser|volume=30|issue=2|pages=E386–E394|pmid=18853457|doi=10.1002/humu.20921|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204155605/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=4 December 2012 }}
2. ^Yong-Gang Yao et al. 2001, Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese Am J Hum Genet. 2002 March; 70(3): 635–651
3. ^Haplogroup B.
4. ^{{cite journal |last= Fagundes |first= Nelson J.R. |author2=Ricardo Kanitz |author3=Roberta Eckert |author4=Ana C.S. Valls |author5=Mauricio R. Bogo |author6=Francisco M. Salzano |author7=David Glenn Smith |author8=Wilson A. Silva |author9=Marco A. Zago |author10=Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos |author11=Sidney E.B. Santos |author12=Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler |author13=Sandro L.Bonatto |title= Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas|url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Fagundes-et-al.pdf|format=pdf |journal= American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=82 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pages=583–592|accessdate=2009-11-19 |doi= 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 |pmid= 18313026 |pmc= 2427228}}
5. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = Miroslava | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = Boris | last3 = Grzybowski | first3 = Tomasz | display-authors = etal | year = 2007 | title = Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations | url = | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 81 | issue = | pages = 1025–1041 | doi = 10.1086/522933 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Al-Zahery | first1 = Nadia | last2 = Pala | first2 = Maria | last3 = Battaglia | first3 = Vincenza | display-authors = etal | year = | title = | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/288 | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 2011 | issue = 11| page = 288 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-288}}
7. ^Martin Bodner, Bettina Zimmermann, Alexander Röck, Anita Kloss-Brandstätter, David Horst, Basil Horst, Sourideth Sengchanh, Torpong Sanguansermsri, Jürgen Horst, Tanja Krämer, Peter M Schneider, and Walther Parson, "Southeast Asian diversity: first insights into the complex mtDNA structure of Laos." BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011), 11:49. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/49
8. ^Theodore G Schurr and Douglas C Wallace, "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Southeast Asian populations", Human Biology, June 2002.
9. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Jin | first1 = H-J | last2 = Tyler-Smith | first2 = C | last3 = Kim | first3 = W | year = 2009 | title = The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 1| page = e4210 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0004210 }}
10. ^Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo et al., "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?" Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215
11. ^Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Hai-Xin Liu, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA," BMC Evol Biol. 2011; 11: 46. Published online 2011 February 15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-46
12. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Mona | first1 = Stefano | last2 = Grunz | first2 = Katharina E. | last3 = Brauer | first3 = Silke | display-authors = etal | year = 2009 | title = Genetic Admixture History of Eastern Indonesia as Revealed by Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 26 | issue = 8| pages = 1865–1877 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msp097 }}
13. ^Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture," 『法科学技術』houkagaku gijutsu, 12(1), 83–96 (2007)
14. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Starikovskaya | first1 = E. B. | last2 = Sukernik | first2 = R. I. | last3 = Derbeneva | first3 = O. A. | last4 = Volodko | first4 = N. V. | last5 = Ruiz-Pesini | first5 = E. | last6 = Torroni | first6 = A. | last7 = Brown | first7 = M. D. | last8 = Lott | first8 = M. T. | last9 = Hosseini | first9 = S. H. | last10 = Huoponen | first10 = K. | last11 = Wallace | first11 = D. C. | year = 2005 | title = Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups | url = | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 69 | issue = | pages = 67–89 | doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x | pmc = 3905771 }}
15. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = M | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = B | last3 = Denisova | first3 = G | last4 = Perkova | first4 = M | last5 = Rogalla | first5 = U | display-authors = etal | year = 2012 | title = Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 2| page = e32179 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0032179 }}
16. ^{{cite journal|last=Soares|first=Pedro|title=Ancient Voyaging and Polynesian Origins|pmc=3035714|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=88|issue=2|pages=239–247|display-authors=etal|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.01.009|pmid=21295281}}
17. ^{{cite journal|last=Trejaut|first=Jean|title=Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations|pmc=1166350|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=3|issue=8|pages=e247|display-authors=etal|year=2005|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247|pmid=15984912}}
18. ^{{cite journal|last=Msaidie|first=Said|title=Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean|pmc=3039498|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=89–94|display-authors=etal|year=2010|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.128|pmid=20700146|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00565113/document}}
19. ^{{cite book|last=Friedlaender|first=Jonathan|title=Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacific|pages=233|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWjkogVte7gC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=b4a1a1&f=false|isbn=9780198041085|date=2007-04-19}}
20. ^{{cite web|last=Ricaut|first=F.X.|title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in Karkar islanders|url=https://www.academia.edu/350472/Mitochondrial_DNA_variation_in_Karkar_islanders|accessdate=16 May 2013|display-authors=etal}}
21. ^Source: 23andme

External links

  • General
    • Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
    • Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
  • Haplogroup B
    • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320202945/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm016 Spread of Haplogroup B], from National Geographic
    • [https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/haplogroupb&date=2009-10-25+23:41:15 Ina]
  • Tianyuan, mtDNA B and the formation of Far Eastern peoples
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup B (Mtdna)}}

1 : Human mtDNA haplogroups
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