词条 | Haplogroup J (mtDNA) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
|name=J |origin-date=45,000 years before present |origin-place=Middle east |ancestor=JT |descendants=J1, J2 |mutations=295 489 10398 12612 13708 16069[1] }}Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Jasmine. Within the field of medical genetics, certain polymorphisms specific to haplogroup J have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.[2] OriginAround 45,000 years before present, a mutation took place in the DNA of a woman who lived in the Near East or Caucasus. Further mutations occurred in the J line, which can be identified as the subclades J1a1,J1c1 (27,000 yrs ago), J2a (19,000 yrs ago), J2b2 (16,000 years ago), and J2b3 (5,800 yrs ago). Haplogroup J bearers along with persons carrying the T mtDNA clade settled in Europe from the Near East during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic.
However, any statements concerning the geographic origin of this or any other haplogroup are highly speculative and considered by most population geneticists to be 'story telling' and outside the domain of science.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} Furthermore, inferring close associations between a haplogroup and a specific archaeological culture can be equally problematic.{{by whom|date=May 2013}}
DistributionBasal haplogroup J* is found among the Soqotri (9.2%).[4] Haplogroup J occurs in approximately 12% of native European populations.[5][6] The average frequency of haplogroup J as a whole is today highest in the Near East (12%), followed by Europe (11%), the Caucasus (8%) and Northeast Africa (6%). Of the two main sub-groups, J1 takes up four-fifths of the total and is spread widely on the continent while J2 is more localised around the Mediterranean, Greece, Italy/Sardinia and Spain. There is also limited evidence that the subclade J1 has long been present in Central Asia. For instance, perhaps the highest incidence of haplogroup J is the 19% of Polish Roma, who belong to J1 (although this has also been ascribed to a "founder effect" of some kind).[7] In Pakistan, where West Eurasian lineages occur at frequencies of up to 50% in some ethno-linguistic groups, the incidence of J1 averages around 5%, while J2 is very rare. However, J2 is found amongst 9% of the Kalash minority of north-west Pakistan.[8] In the Arabian peninsula, mtDNA haplogroup J is found among Saudis (10.5%-18.8% J1b) and Yemenis (0%-20% J1b). The J1b subclade also occurs in the Near East among Iraqis (7.1%) and Palestinians (4%).[9] In Africa, haplogroup J is concentrated in the northeast. It is found among Algerians (3.23%-14.52%),[10] as well as Copts (10.3% J1a; 10.3% J2),[11] Sudanese Fulani (10.7% J1b),[11] Meseria (6.7% J1b),[11] Arakien (5.9% J1b),[11] Egyptians (5.9%),[12] Mozabite Berbers (3.53%),[10] Sudanese Hausa (2.9% J1b),[11] Zenata Berbers (2.74%),[10] Beja (2.1% J1b),[11] and Reguibate Sahrawi (0.93%).[10] Within Europe, >2% frequency distribution of mtDNA J is as follows:[13]
Haplogroup J has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.[14] Haplogroup J has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been dardiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with one specimen found to belong to the J1c3 subclade (1/7; ~14%).[15] The J clade has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Afalou prehistoric site. Around 22% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various J subclades, including undifferentiated J (1/9; 11%) and J1c3f (1/9; 11%).[16] SubcladesTreeThis phylogenetic tree of haplogroup J subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.
Genetic traitsIt has been theorized{{by whom|date=January 2013}} that the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation related to SNPs which define mt-haplogroup J consequently produces higher body heat in the phenotype of mtDNA J individuals. This has been linked to selective pressure for the presence of the haplogroup in northern Europe, particularly Norway.[17] Individuals from haplogroups Uk, J1c and J2 were found to be more susceptible to Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy because they have reduced oxidative phosphorylation capacity, which results in part from lower mtDNA levels.[18] J mtDNA has also been associated with HIV infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to AIDS and death.[19] The T150C mutation, which is exclusive to but not definitive of, the J2 subclade of Haplogroup J may be part of a likely nuclearly controlled general machinery regarding the remodeling & replication of mtDNA. Controlling a remodeling which could accelerate mtDNA replication thus compensating for oxidative damage in mtDNA as well as functional deterioration occurring with old age related to it.[20] Haplogroup J was found to be a protective factor against ischemic cardiomyopathy.[21] It was also found that Haplogroup J was a protective factor among osteoarthritis patients from Spain[22] but not from UK,[23] and this was hypothesized to be due to a different genetic composition (polymorphisms) of the Haplogroup J in both populations. A study involving patients of European and West Asian origin or descent showed that individuals classified as haplogroup J or K demonstrated a significant decrease in risk of Parkinson's disease versus individuals carrying the most common haplogroup, H.[24] Popular culture
See also{{Commons category|Haplogroup J (mtDNA)}}
References1. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation|journal=Human Mutation|date=13 Oct 2008|first=Mannis|last=van Oven|author2=Manfred Kayser|volume=30|issue=2|pages=E386–94|doi=10.1002/humu.20921|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204155605/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|dead-url=yes|archive-date=4 December 2012|pmid=18853457 }} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 Piia Serk, Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup J in Europe and Near East, Thesis, Tartu 2004 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908092931/http://dirkschweitzer.net/E3b-papers/PiiaSerk-04-mt-DNA-J-MS-thesis.pdf |date=2008-09-08 }} 3. ^A “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root Behar, D.M., van Oven, M., Rosset, S., Metspalu, M., Loogväli, E.L., Silva, N.M., Kivisild, T., Torroni, A. and Villems, R., American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 90(4), pg. 675-684, 2012 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Černý, Viktor|title=Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2009|volume=138|issue=4|pages=439–447|url=http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|accessdate=13 June 2016|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20960|pmid=19012329|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125303/http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|archivedate=6 October 2016|df=}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Bryan Sykes|title=The Seven Daughters of Eve|year=2001|publisher=Bantam Press|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0393020182|title-link=The Seven Daughters of Eve}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Maternal Ancestry|url=http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/|publisher=Oxford Ancestors|accessdate=7 February 2013}} 7. ^B.A. Malyarchuk, T. 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1 : Human mtDNA haplogroups |
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