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词条 Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)
释义

  1. Origin

     Asian origin hypothesis 

  2. Distribution

     Subclade distribution 

  3. Tree

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Notes

  7. External links

{{Infobox haplogroup
|name=L3
|origin-date= 60,000–70,000 YBP[1]
|origin-place=Asia[2]
|ancestor=L3'4
|descendants=L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N
|mutations=769, 1018, 16311[4]
}}Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade has played a pivotal role in the prehistory of the human species. It represents the most common parent maternal lineage of all people outside Africa, and for many people within the Africa continent as well.[2][3]

Origin

Haplogroup L3's exact place of origin is uncertain. According to the Recent African origin of modern humans (Out-of-Africa) theory, the clade is believed to have arisen and dispersed from East Africa, initially thought to have occurred between 84,000 and 104,000 years ago.[4] An analysis of 369 complete African L3 sequences placed the maximal date of the clade's expansion at around 70,000 years ago. This virtually rules out a successful exit out of Africa before 74,000, the date of the Toba volcanic super-eruption in Sumatra,[1] thus making an origin around 70,000 years ago most likely. The Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor for the L3 lineage has also recently been estimated to date to between 58,900 and 70,200 years ago, around the time of and associated with the Out-of-Africa expansion of the ancestors of non-African modern humans from Eastern Africa into Eurasia around 70,000 years ago, and also with a similar expansion within Africa around that time also from the East of the continent.[1]

Phylogenetically, haplogroup L6 and L4 are the closest to L3 out of the L lineages. Both L6 and L4 are primarily distributed and have their greatest diversity in Eastern Africa. L4'6 (L3'4'6) has a TMRCA of 114,288 years before present while L3'4 link at 95,240 ybp in the middle paleolithic.[2]

Asian origin hypothesis

An Asia center of origin and dispersal for haplogroup L3 has also been hypothesized based on the similar coalescence dates of L3 and its Eurasian-distributed M and N derivative clades (~71 kya), the distant location in Southeast Asia of the oldest subclades of M and N, and the comparable age of the paternal haplogroup DE. According to this hypothesis, after an initial Out-of-Africa migration of early anatomically modern humans around 125 kya, fully modern human L3-carrying females are thus proposed to have back-migrated from the maternal haplogroup's place of origin in Eurasia around 70 kya along with males bearing the paternal haplogroup E, which is also proposed to have originated in Eurasia. These new Eurasian lineages are then suggested to have largely replaced the old autochthonous male and female North-East African lineages and later re-entered Eurasia.[5]

Distribution

L3 is common in Northeast Africa and some other parts of East Africa,[6] in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups L1 and L2 represent around two thirds of mtDNA lineages.[7] L3 sublineages are also frequent in the Arabian peninsula.

L3 is subdivided into several clades, two of which spawned the macrohaplogroups M and N that are today carried by most people outside Africa.[7] There is at least one relatively deep non-M, non-N clade of L3 outside Africa, L3f1b6, which is found at a frequency of 1% in Asturias, Spain. It diverged from African L3 lineages at least 10,000 years ago.[8]

According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to Eurasian haplogroups than to the most divergent African clusters L1 and L2".[9] L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside Africa derive.[10] However, there is a greater diversity of major L3 branches within Africa than outside of it, the two major non-African branches being the L3 offshoots M and N.

Haplogroup L3 has been observed in an ancient fossil belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture.[11] L3x2a was observed in a 4,500 year old hunter-gather excavated in Mota, Ethiopia, with the ancient fossil found to be most closely related to the modern Ari foragers.[12][13] Haplogroup L3 has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Ptolemaic periods.[14] Additionally, haplogroup L3 has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Gran Canaria site, with most of these specimens found to belong to the L3b1a subclade (3/4; 75%). The Guanche skeletons also bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, which suggests that they originated from ancestral Berber populations inhabiting northwestern Affoundnat a high ncy[15]

Subclade distribution

L3 has seven equidistant descendants: L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N. Five are African, while two are associated with the Out of Africa event.

  • N – Eurasia and parts of Africa due to back-migration.[3][16]
  • M – Asia, the Mediterranean Basin, and parts of Africa due to back-migration.[3][16]
  • L3a – East Africa.[2][3] Moderate to high frequencies found among the Sanye, Samburu, Iraqw, Yaaku, El-Molo and other minor indigenous populations from the East African Rift Valley. It is infrequent to nonexistent in Sudan and the Sahel zone.[17]
    • L3a1 – Found across Eastern Africa. Estimated age of 35.8-39.3 ka.[3]
    • L3a2 – Found mainly in the Horn of Africa. Estimated age of 48.3-57.7 ka.[18][19]
  • L3b'f
    • L3b – Spread from East Africa in the upper paleolithic to West-Central Africa. Some subclades spread from Central Africa to East Africa with the Bantu migration.[3]
    • L3b1a – Common subclade. Estimated age of 11.7-14.8 ka.[3]
    • L3b1a2 – Subclade found in Northeast Africa, the Maghreb, and Middle East. Emerged 12-14 ka.[36][18]
    • L3f – Northeast Africa, Sahel, Arabian peninsula, Iberia. Gaalien,[20] Beja[20]
    • L3f1
    • L3f1a – Carried by migrants from Eastern Africa into the Sahel and Central Africa.[3]
    • L3f1b – Carried by migrants from Eastern Africa into the Sahel and Central Africa.[3]
    • L3f1b1 - Carried from Central Africa into Southern and Eastern Africa with the Bantu migration.[3]
    • L3f1b4 - Carried from Central Africa into Southern and Eastern Africa with the Bantu migration.[3]
    • L3f1b6 – Rare, found in Iberia.[8]
    • L3f2 – Primarily distributed in East Africa.[3] Also found in North Africa and Central Africa.[36]
    • L3f3 – Spread from Eastern Africa to Chad and the Sahel around 8-9 ka.[3] Found in the Chad Basin.[36][21]
  • L3c'd
    • L3c – Extremely rare lineage with only two samples found so far in Eastern Africa and the Near East.[3]
    • L3d – Spread from East Africa in the upper paleolithic to Central Africa. Some subclades spread to East Africa with the Bantu migration.[3] Found among the Fulani,[2] Chadians,[2] Ethiopians,[22] Akan people,[23] Mozambique,[22] Yemenites,[22] Egyptians, Berbers[24]
    • L3d3a1 - Primarily found in Southern Africa.[18][25]
  • L3e'i'k'x
    • L3e – Spread from East Africa in the upper paleolithic to West-Central Africa. It is the most common L3 sub-clade in Bantu-speaking populations.[26] L3e is suggested to be associated with a Central African origin and is also the most common L3 subclade amongst African Americans, Afro-Brazilians and Caribbeans[27]
    • L3e1 – Spread from West-Central Africa to Southwest Africa with the Bantu migration. Found in Angola (6.8%).[28] Mozambique, Sudanese and Kikuyu from Kenya as well as in Yemen and among the Akan people[23]
    • L3e5 – Originated in the Chad Basin. Found in Algeria,[29] as well as Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Tunisia, South Morocco and Egypt[30]
    • L3i Almost exclusively found in East Africa.[3]
    • L3i1
    • L3i1b – Subclade is found in Yemen, Ethiopia, and among Gujarati Indians.[25]
    • L3i2 (former L3w) – Found in the Horn of Africa and Oman.[25]
    • L3k – Rare haplogroup primarily found in North Africa and the Sahel.[3][25]
    • L3x – Almost exclusively found in East Africa.[3] Found among Ethiopian Oromos,[22] Egyptians[31][32]
  • L3h – Almost exclusively found in East Africa.[3]
    • L3h1 – Primarily found in East Africa with branches of L3h1b1 sporadically found in the Sahel and North Africa.[18][25]
    • L3h2 – Found in Northeast Africa and Socotra. Split from other L3h branches as early as 65-69 ka during the middle paleolithic.[18][25]

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[33] and subsequent published research.[34]

Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
  • L1-6
    • L2-6
    • L2'3'4'6
    • L3'4'6
    • L3'4
    • L3
    • L3a
    • L3a1
    • L3a1a
    • L3a1b
    • L3a2
    • L3a2a
    • L3b'f
    • L3b
    • L3b1
    • L3b1a
    • L3b1a1
    • L3b1a2
    • L3b1a3
    • L3b1a4
    • L3b1a5
    • L3b1a5a
    • L3b1a6
    • L3b1a7
    • L3b1a7
    • L3b1a8
    • L3b1a9
    • L3b1a9a
    • L3b1a10
    • L3b1a11
    • L3b1b
    • L3b1b1
    • L3b2
    • L3b2a
    • L3b2a
    • L3b3
    • L3f
    • L3f1
    • L3f1a
    • L3f1a1
    • L3f1b
    • L3f1b1
    • L3f1b2
    • L3f1b2a
    • L3f1b3
    • L3f1b4
    • L3f1b4a
    • L3f1b4a1
    • L3f1b4b
    • L3f1b4c
    • L3f1b5
    • L3f2
    • L3f2a
    • L3f2b
    • L3f3
    • L3f3a
    • L3f3b
    • L3c'd
    • L3c
    • L3d
    • L3d1-5
    • L3d1
    • L3d1a
    • L3d1a1
    • L3d1a1a
    • L3d1b
    • L3d1b1
    • L3d1c
    • L3d1d
    • 199
    • L3d2
    • L3d5
    • L3d3
    • L3d3a
    • L3d4
    • L3d5
    • L3e'i'k'x
    • L3e
    • L3e1
    • L3e1a
    • L3e1a1
    • L3e1a1a
    • 152
    • L3e1a2
    • L3e1a3
    • L3e1b
    • L3e1c
    • L3e1d
    • L3e1e
    • L3e2
    • L3e2a
    • L3e2a1
    • L3e2a1a
    • L3e2a1b
    • L3e2a1b1
    • L3e2b
    • L3e2b1
    • L3e2b1a
    • L3e2b2
    • L3e2b3
    • L3e3'4'5
    • L3e3'4
    • L3e3
    • L3e3a
    • L3e3b
    • L3e3b1
    • L3e4
    • L3e5
    • L3i
    • L3i1
    • L3i1a
    • L3i1b
    • L3i2
    • L3k
    • L3k1
    • L3x
    • L3x1
    • L3x1a
    • L3x1a1
    • L3x1a2
    • L3x1b
    • L3x2
    • L3x2a
    • L3x2a1
    • L3x2a1a
    • L3x2b
    • L3h
    • L3h1
    • L3h1a
    • L3h1a1
    • L3h1a2
    • L3h1a2a
    • L3h1a2b
    • L3h1b
    • L3h1b1
    • L3h1b1a
    • L3h1b1a1
    • L3h1b2
    • L3h2
    • M
    • N

See also

{{Commons category|Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)}}
  • Genealogical DNA test
  • Genetic Genealogy
  • Haplogroup
  • Population genetics
{{MtDNA}}

References

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5. ^1 2 {{cite journal|vauthors=Cabrera VM, Marrero P, Abu-Amero KK, Larruga JM|date=June 2018|title=Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=18|issue=1|pages=98|doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4|pmc=6009813|pmid=29921229}}
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13. ^{{Cite journal |last=Llorente |first=M. Gallego |last2=Jones |first2=E. R. |last3=Eriksson |first3=A. |last4=Siska |first4=V. |last5=Arthur |first5=K. W. |last6=Arthur |first6=J. W. |last7=Curtis |first7=M. C. |last8=Stock |first8=J. T. |last9=Coltorti |first9=M. |date=2015-11-13 |title=Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa |journal=Science |volume=350 |issue=6262 |pages=820–822 |doi=10.1126/science.aad2879 |pmid=26449472 |bibcode=2015Sci...350..820L}}
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16. ^1 {{cite biorxiv|authors=Vicente M. Cabrera|title=Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basic lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago|date=2017|biorxiv=233502}}
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24. ^Sheet1 – PLOS Pathogens
25. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite journal|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0139784|pmid = 26509580|pmc = 4624789|title = Early Holocenic and Historic mtDNA African Signatures in the Iberian Peninsula: The Andalusian Region as a Paradigm|journal = PLOS ONE|volume = 10|issue = 10|pages = e0139784|year = 2015|last1 = Hernández|first1 = Candela L|last2 = Soares|first2 = Pedro|last3 = Dugoujon|first3 = Jean M|last4 = Novelletto|first4 = Andrea|last5 = Rodríguez|first5 = Juan N|last6 = Rito|first6 = Teresa|last7 = Oliveira|first7 = Marisa|last8 = Melhaoui|first8 = Mohammed|last9 = Baali|first9 = Abdellatif|last10 = Pereira|first10 = Luisa|last11 = Calderón|first11 = Rosario|bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1039784H}} Supplementary data {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0139784.s006}}.
26. ^Anderson, S. 2006, Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of African mitochondrial DNA variation. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910155424/http://www.biolog-e.leeds.ac.uk/Biolog-e/uploads/SadieAnderson-Mann.pdf |date=2011-09-10 }}
27. ^{{cite journal |last1=Bandelt |first1=HJ |last2=Alves-Silva |first2=J |last3=Guimarães |first3=PE |last4=Santos |first4=MS |last5=Brehm |first5=A |last6=Pereira |first6=L |last7=Coppa |first7=A |last8=Larruga |first8=JM |last9=Rengo |first9=C |last10=Scozzari |first10=R |last11=Torroni |first11=A |last12=Prata |first12=M. J. |last13=Amorim |first13=A |last14=Prado |first14=V. F. |last15=Pena |first15=S. D. |title=Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=65 |issue=Pt 6 |pages=549–63 |year=2001 |pmid=11851985 |doi= 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6560549.x|display-authors=8 }}
28. ^{{cite journal |last1=Plaza |first1=Stéphanie |last2=Salas |first2=Antonio |last3=Calafell |first3=Francesc |last4=Corte-Real |first4=Francisco |last5=Bertranpetit |first5=Jaume |last6=Carracedo |first6=Ángel |last7=Comas |first7=David |title=Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola |journal=Human Genetics |volume=115 |issue=5 |pages=439–47 |year=2004 |pmid=15340834 |doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1164-0 |url=http://docdro.id/4zBD60N}}
29. ^{{cite journal|author1=Asmahan Bekada |author2=Lara R. Arauna |author3=Tahria Deba |author4=Francesc Calafell |author5=Soraya Benhamamouch |author6=David Comas |title=Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations|journal=PLoS ONE|date=September 24, 2015|volume=10|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|pmid=26402429 |pmc=4581715 |pages=e0138453|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038453B }}; S5 Table
30. ^{{cite journal |last1=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first1=K. |last2=Plaza |first2=S. |last3=Calafell |first3=F. |last4=Ben Amor |first4=M. |last5=Comas |first5=D. |last6=Bennamar |first6=A. |last7=Gaaied |first7=El |title=Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=222–33 |year=2004 |pmid=15180702 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00096.x}}
31. ^GUR46 on table 1. is a mtDNA haplogroup L3x2a.
32. ^{{cite journal |last1=Stevanovitch |first1=A. |last2=Gilles |first2=A. |last3=Bouzaid |first3=E. |last4=Kefi |first4=R. |last5=Paris |first5=F. |last6=Gayraud |first6=R. P. |last7=Spadoni |first7=J. L. |last8=El-Chenawi |first8=F. |last9=Beraud-Colomb |first9=E. |title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=23–39 |year=2004 |pmid=14748828 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x }}
33. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Van Oven |first1=Mannis |last2=Kayser |first2=Manfred |title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation |journal=Human Mutation |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=E386–94 |year=2009 |pmid=18853457 |doi=10.1002/humu.20921}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://phylotree.org/tree/L3.htm|title=PhyloTree.org {{!}} tree {{!}} L3|website=phylotree.org|access-date=2018-06-25}}

Notes

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

External links

  • General
    • Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
  • Haplogroup L3
    • Mannis van Oven's [https://web.archive.org/web/20091117111251/http://www.phylotree.org/tree/subtree_L3.htm PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree L3]
    • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320203146/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm003 Spread of Haplogroup L3], from National Geographic

2 : Human mtDNA haplogroups|Recent African origin of modern humans
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