| 释义 |
- Phylogenetic structure
- Distribution M* (M-P256*) M1 (M-M4) M1a (M-P34) M1b (M-P87) M2 (M-M353) M3 (M-P117)
- Previous phylogenetic history
- References Footnotes Works cited
- External links
- See also
{{about|the human Y-DNA haplogroup|the human mtDNA haplogroup|Haplogroup M (mtDNA)}}{{Infobox haplogroup
|name=M-P256
|map=Melanesia M ADN-Y.PNG
|origin-date=32,000-47,000 years BP {{harv|Scheinfeldt|2006}}
|origin-place= Wallacea (eastern Indonesia)
or New Guinea [1]
|ancestor=K2b1
|descendants=
|mutations=P256
|members=
}}Haplogroup M, also known as M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago {{harv|Scheinfeldt|2006}}. M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in West Papua and western Papua New Guinea.{{harv|Kayser|2003}}. It is also found in neighbouring parts of Melanesia, Indonesia and among indigenous Australians. It and Haplogroup S (B254) are the only primary subclades of K2b1, also known as haplogroup MS. Phylogenetic structureThis phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by ISOGG in 2016 {{harv|ISOGG|2016}} and YCC in 2008.{{harv|Karafet|2008}} - M (P256)
- M1 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35)
- M1a(P34_1, P34_2, P34_3, P34_4, P34_5)
- M1a1 (P51)
- M1a2 (P94)
- M1b (P87)
- M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2)
- M1b1a (M16)
- M1b1b (M83)
- M2 (M353, M387)
- M2a (M177/SRY9138)
- M3 (P117, P118)
DistributionM* (M-P256*)The paragroup M-P256* is found at low incidences in New Guinea (6.3%) and Flores (2.5%).[1] M1 (M-M4) {{Infobox haplogroup
|name=M-M4
|map=
|origin-date=8,200 [3,800–20,600] years BP {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
|origin-place=Southeast Asia - Melanesia{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|ancestor=M-P256
|mutations=M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|descendants=
}}Found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. - Una 100% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- Ketengban 100% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- Awyu 100% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- Citak 86% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- Asmat 75% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- West Papua
- lowlands/coast 77.5% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- highlands 74.5% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- Kombai/Korowai 46% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- Papua New Guinea
- coast 29% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- highlands 35.5% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- Tolai (New Britain) 31% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- Trobriand Islands 30% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- Maluku (Moluccas) 21% {{harv|Kayser|2003}}
- Torres Strait Islanders (Australia): up to 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% of samples, when 45% of the total were deemed to be "non-indigenous".{{harv|Nagle 2015}}
An extreme geographical outlier was apparently identified in a 2012 study, which reported a Hazara individual from Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan, with M1 among a sample of 60 males from Mazar-e Sharif.{{harv|Haber|2012}}. The Hazara individual carried the SNP M186 (which is believed to be equivalent to M4). | Old names (YCC 2002/2008) | M-M4 | | Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 | | Underhill 2000 | VIII | | Hammer 2001 | 1U | | Karafet 2001 | 37 | | Semino 2000 | Eu16 | | Su 1999 | H17 | | Capelli 2001 | E | | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | M* | | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | M | | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M1 | | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M1 | |
M1a (M-P34)M1a (M-P34) is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia (Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands ({{harvnb|Karafet|2005}} and {{harvnb|Kayser|2008}}). | Old names (YCC 2002/2008) | M-P34 | | Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 | | Underhill 2000 | VIII | | Hammer 2001 | 1U | | Karafet 2001 | 37 | | Semino 2000 | Eu16 | | Su 1999 | H17 | | Capelli 2001 | E | | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | M1 | | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | M1 | | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M1a | | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M1a | |
M1b (M-P87)M1b M-P87(xM104/P22) has been found in approximately 18% (20/109) of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% (5/43) of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% (19/395) of a pool of samples from New Britain (and, in particular, in about 24% (15/63) of Baining from East New Britain), in one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and in another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea {{harv|Scheinfeldt|2006}}. The subclade M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2) is found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa. ({{harvnb|Kayser|2008}} and {{harvnb|Scheinfeldt|2006}}). | Old names (YCC 2002/2008) | M-P22 | | Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 | | Underhill 2000 | VIII | | Hammer 2001 | 1U | | Karafet 2001 | 38 | | Semino 2000 | Eu16 | | Su 1999 | H17 | | Capelli 2001 | E | | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | M2* | | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | M2a | | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M1b1 | | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M1b1 | |
M2 (M-M353)Found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna {{harv|Kayser|2006}}. The subclade M2a (M-M177 a.k.a. M-SRY9138) is found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands {{harv|Cox|2006}}. Historic names for M-SRY9138 (a.k.a. M-M177) from peer reviewed literature. | Old names (YCC 2002/2008) | K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138
AKA M-M177 | | Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 23 | | Underhill 2000 | VIII | | Hammer 2001 | 1E | | Karafet 2001 | 25 | | Semino 2000 | Eu16 | | Su 1999 | H5 | | Capelli 2001 | F | | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | K1 | | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | K1 | | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | M2a | | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | M2a | |
M3 (M-P117)M3 (P117, P118) is found frequently in populations of New Britain, and also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna ({{harvnb|Kayser|2008}} and {{harvnb|Scheinfeldt|2006}}). Previous phylogenetic history{{main article|Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups}}Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. | YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 | | M4 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 37 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M* | M | M1 | M1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | M-P34 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 37 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M1 | M1 | M1a | M1a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | M-P22/M-M104 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 38 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2* | M2a | M1b1 | M1b1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | M-M16 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 39 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2a | M2a1 | M1b1a | M1b1a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | M-M83 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 38 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2b | M2a2 | M1b1b | M1b1b | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138 | 23 | VIII | 1E | 25 | Eu16 | H5 | F | K1 | K1 | M2a | M2a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
- Sources
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree. {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|- α {{harvnb|Jobling and Tyler-Smith|2000}} and {{harvnb|Kaladjieva|2001}}
- β {{harvnb|Underhill|2000}}
- γ {{harvnb|Hammer|2001}}
- δ {{harvnb|Karafet|2001}}
- ε {{harvnb|Semino|2000}}
- ζ {{harvnb|Su|1999}}
- η {{harvnb|Capelli|2001}}
}}Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} ReferencesFootnotes1. ^1 Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox, Herawati Sudoyo,Sean Downey, J. Stephen Lansing and Michael F. Hammer, "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia", Molecular Biologcial Evolution, (2010), vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1833-1844.
Works cited- {{cite journal|last1=Cox|year=2006|doi=10.1002/ajhb.20459|title=Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands|first1=Murray P.|last2=Mirazón Lahr|first2=Marta|journal=American Journal of Human Biology|volume=18|pages=35–50|pmid=16378340|issue=1}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Haber|year=2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288|title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events|editor1-last=Kayser|editor1-first=Manfred|first1=Marc|last2=Platt|first2=Daniel E.|last3=Ashrafian Bonab|first3=Maziar|last4=Youhanna|first4=Sonia C.|last5=Soria-Hernanz|first5=David F.|last6=Martínez-Cruz|first6=Begoña|last7=Douaihy|first7=Bouchra|last8=Ghassibe-Sabbagh|first8=Michella|last9=Rafatpanah|first9=Hoshang|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=7|issue=3|pages=e34288|pmid=22470552|pmc=3314501}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Karafet|year=2005|doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0030|title=Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders|first1=Tatiana M.|last2=Lansing|first2=J. S.|last3=Redd|first3=Alan J.|last4=Watkins|first4=Joseph C.|last5=Surata|first5=S. P. K.|last6=Arthawiguna|first6=W. A.|last7=Mayer|first7=Laura|last8=Bamshad|first8=Michael|last9=Jorde|first9=Lynn B.|journal=Human Biology|volume=77|pages=93–114|pmid=16114819|issue=1|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/13586/1/Karafet_et_al_2005.pdf|hdl=1808/13586}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Karafet|year=2008|doi=10.1101/gr.7172008|title=New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree|first1=T. M.|last2=Mendez|first2=F. L.|last3=Meilerman|first3=M. B.|last4=Underhill|first4=P. A.|last5=Zegura|first5=S. L.|last6=Hammer|first6=M. F.|journal=Genome Research|volume=18|issue=5|pages=830–8|pmid=18385274|pmc=2336805}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Kayser|year=2003|doi=10.1086/346065|title=Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea|first1=Manfred|last2=Brauer|first2=Silke|last3=Weiss|first3=Gunter|last4=Schiefenhövel|first4=Wulf|last5=Underhill|first5=Peter|last6=Shen|first6=Peidong|last7=Oefner|first7=Peter|last8=Tommaseo-Ponzetta|first8=Mila|last9=Stoneking|first9=Mark|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=72|issue=2|pages=281–302|pmid=12532283|pmc=379223}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Kayser|year=2006|doi=10.1093/molbev/msl093|title=Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: MtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific|first1=M.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=23|issue=11|pages=2234–44|pmid=16923821|last2=Brauer|first2=S|last3=Cordaux|first3=R|last4=Casto|first4=A|last5=Lao|first5=O|last6=Zhivotovsky|first6=LA|last7=Moyse-Faurie|first7=C|last8=Rutledge|first8=RB|last9=Schiefenhoevel|first9=W|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00117338/document}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Kayser|year=2008|doi=10.1093/molbev/msn078|title=The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia|first1=M.|last2=Choi|first2=Y.|last3=Van Oven|first3=M.|last4=Mona|first4=S.|last5=Brauer|first5=S.|last6=Trent|first6=R. J.|last7=Suarkia|first7=D.|last8=Schiefenhovel|first8=W.|last9=Stoneking|first9=M.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=25|issue=7|pages=1362–74|pmid=18390477}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Scheinfeldt|year=2006|doi=10.1093/molbev/msl028|title=Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia|first1=L.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=23|issue=8|pages=1628–41|pmid=16754639|last2=Friedlaender|first2=F|last3=Friedlaender|first3=J|last4=Latham|first4=K|last5=Koki|first5=G|last6=Karafet|first6=T|last7=Hammer|first7=M|last8=Lorenz|first8=J}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Nagle, N. et al.,|year=2015|pmid=26515539|title=Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|doi=10.1002/ajpa.22886|volume=159|issue=3|pages=367–81}}
External links- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320202000/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my040 Spread of Haplogroup M], from National Geographic
See also{{Commons category|Haplogroup M of Y-DNA}}- Genetic genealogy
- Haplogroup
- Haplotype
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Molecular phylogeny
- Paragroup
- Subclade
- Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
{{Y-DNA}} 1 : Human Y-DNA haplogroups |