“Haplogroup R1”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479).

Males carrying R-M173 in modern populations appear to comprise two subclades: R1a and R1b, which are found mainly in populations native to Eurasia (except East and Southeast Asia). R-M173 contains the majority of representatives of haplogroup R in the form of its subclades, R1a and R1b ({{Harvnb|Rosser|2000}}, {{Harvnb|Semino|2000}}, and {{harvnb|Genographic|2011}}).

Karafet et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q".^[5]

Structure

Origins

The origins of haplogroup R1 remain unclear. It and its sibling clade R2 (R-M79) are the only immediate descendants of Haplogroup R (R-M207). R is a direct descendant of Haplogroup P1 (P-M45), and a sibling clade, therefore, of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242).

There were few areas in which Haplogroups P-M45, Q-M242 and R-M207 were all common amongst prehistoric populations. R-M207 and its subclades were most common along an axis from Western Europe to South Asia{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}, whereas Q-M242 was the most common Y-DNA lineage among Native Americans. However, both P-M45 and its immediate descendants also appear to have been relatively common in Central Asia and Siberia.

Based on its ancestral lineages, an inferred origin for haplogroup R1 is South Asia or its western neighboring areas. For example, {{Harvnb|Kivisild|2003}} believes the evidence "suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup" and that "given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern central Asia, it is possible that southern and western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation." {{Harvnb|Soares|2010}} felt in their review of the literature, that the case for South Asian origins is strongest, with the Central Asian origin argued by {{Harv|Wells|2001}} being also worthy of consideration.

Karafet et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q." ^[5]

General distribution

Eurasia

Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia. Its distribution is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the last glacial maximum. Its main subgroups are R1a and R1b. One subclade of haplogroup R1b (especially R1b1a2), is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan {{harv|Lobov|2009}}, while a subclade of haplogroup R1a (especially haplogroup R1a1) is the most common haplogroup in large parts of South Asia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Western China, and South Siberia.^[6]

Individuals whose Y-chromosomes possess all the mutations on internal nodes of the Y-DNA tree down to and including M207 (which defines Haplogroup R) but which display neither the M173 mutation that defines haplogroup R1 nor the M479 mutation that defines Haplogroup R2 are categorized as belonging to group R* (R-M207). R* has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan {{harv|Firasat|2007}}.

Americas

The presence of haplogroup R1 among Indigenous Americans groups is a matter of controversy. It is now the most common haplogroup after the various Q-M242, especially in North America, highest worldwide R1 rates among Great Lakes/Algonquian-speakers,^[7] in Ojibwe people at 79%, Chipewyan 62%, Seminole 50%, Cherokee 47%, Dogrib 40% and Papago 38%. 97% of R1{{whose?|date=March 2019}} had the M269 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), which defines haplogroup R1b1b.^[7]

The poorly resolved SNP characterization has led to much controversy.^[8] Some Native American Short Tandem Repeats haplotypes of R1, are not shared with Europeans.^[9] However, the decreasing gradient of haplogroup R from Northeastern to Southwestern North America suggests that this results from recent European admixture.^[10]

Other authorities point to the greater similarity between haplogroup R1 subclades found in North America and those found in Siberia (e.g. Lell ^[11] and Raghavan ^[12]), suggesting prehistoric immigration from Asia and/or Beringia, deriving from two major Siberian migrations. The first migration came from middle Siberia with the founding haplotype P-M45(x Q-M3).

R1-positive P-M45 tested populations: Udegeys, Koryaks, North- and Central-American natives.^[13]

Africa

One subclade, now known as R1b1a2 (R-V88), is found only at high frequencies amongst populations native to West Africa, such as the Fulani, and is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration from Eurasia to Africa.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Subclade distribution

R1a (R-M420)

The split of R1a (M420) is computed to ca 25,000 years ago (95% CI: 21, 300–29, 000 BP), or roughly the last glacial maximum. A large study performed in 2014 (Underhill et al. 2015), using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was compelling evidence that "the initial episodes of haplogroup R1a diversification likely occurred in the vicinity of present-day Iran."^[14]

The subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified ca. 5,800 years ago.{{sfn|Underhill|2014|p=130}} The distribution of M417-subclades R1-Z282 (including R1-Z280){{sfn|Pamjav|2012}} in Central- and Eastern Europe and R1-Z93 in Asia{{sfn|Pamjav|2012}}{{sfn|Underhill|2014}} suggests that R1a1a diversified within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region.{{sfn|Pamjav|2012}} The place of origin of these subclades plays a role in the debate about the origins of the Indo-Europeans.

High frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found amongst West Bengal Brahmins (72%), and Uttar Pradesh Brahmins, (67%), the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Panjikent (64%), the Kyrgyz population of Central Kyrgyzstan (63.5%), Sorbs (63.39%), Bihar Brahmins (60.53%), Shors (58.8%),^[15] Poles (56.4%), Teleuts (55.3%),^[15] South Altaians (58.1%),^[16] Ukrainians (50%) and Russians (50%) ({{harvnb|Semino|2000}}, {{harvnb|Wells|2001}}, {{harvnb|Behar|2003}}, and {{harvnb|Sharma|2007}}).

R1b (R-M343)

Haplogroup R1b probably originated in Eurasia prior to or during the last glaciation. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan.{{harv|Lobov|2009}} It may have survived the last glacial maximum,^[17] in refugia near the southern Ural Mountains and Aegean Sea.{{harv|Lobov|2009}}.

It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, with higher diversity than in western Europe, suggesting an ancient migration of haplogroup R1b from the east.^[18] Haplogroup R1b is also found at various frequencies in many different populations near the Ural Mountains and Central Asia, its likely region of origin.

There may be a correlation between this haplogroup and the spread of Centum branch Indo-European languages in southern and western Europe. For instance, the modern incidence of R1b reaches between 60% and 90% of the male population in most parts of Spain, Portugal, France, Britain and Ireland.^[19] The clade is also found at frequencies of up to 90% in the Chad Basin, and is also present in North Africa, where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria.

Although it is rare in South Asia, some populations show relatively high percentages for R1b. These include Lambadi showing 37% {{Harv|Kivisild|2005}}, Hazara 32% {{Harv|Sengupta|2005}}, and Agharia (in East India) at 30% {{harv|Sengupta|2005}}. Besides these, R1b has appeared in Balochi (8%), Bengalis (6.5%), Chenchu (2%), Makrani (5%), Newars (10.6%), Pallan (3.5%) and Punjabis (7.6%) ({{harvnb|Kivisild|2003}}, {{harvnb|Sengupta|2005}}, and {{harvnb|Gayden|2007}}).

R-M343 (previously called Hg1{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} and Eu18{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. It is an offshoot of R-M173, characterised by the M343 marker.^[20] An overwhelming majority of members of R-M343 are classified as R-P25 (defined by the P25 marker), the remainder as R-M343*. Its frequency is highest in Western Europe (and due to modern European immigration, in parts of the Americas). The majority of R-M343-carriers of European descent belong to the R-M269 (R1b1a2) descendant line.

In popular culture

A fictional animation by Artem Lukichev links the history of R1, R1a and R1b to a traditional epic of the Bashkir people of the Ural Mountains.^[21]

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

References

Footnotes

1. ^{{Harvnb|Kivisild|2003}}
2. ^{{Harvnb|Soares|2010}}
3. ^{{Harv|Wells|2001}}
4. ^Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades – 2008 from ISOGG
5. ^¹{{Cite journal|last2 =Mendez|first2 =Fernando| last1 =Karafet|first1 = Tatiana|last3 =Sudoyo|first3 =Herawati|title=Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia|journal =Nature|year=2014|doi= 10.1038/ejhg.2014.106|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v23/n3/full/ejhg2014106a.html|pmid=24896152|volume=23|issue =3|pmc=4326703|pages=369–373}}
6. ^Results for R1b1 members {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313111935/http://homepage.eircom.net/~ihdp/ihdp/r1b1c.htm |date=2009-03-13 }}
7. ^¹{{cite journal |last1=Oppenheimer |first1=Stephen |last2=Bradley |first2=Bruce |last3=Stanford |first3=Dennis |title=Solutrean hypothesis: genetics, the mammoth in the room |journal=World Archaeology |date=31 October 2014 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=752–774 |doi=10.1080/00438243.2014.966273}}
8. ^{{cite journal |author1=Oppenheimer Stephen |author2=Bradley Bruce |author3=Stanford Dennis | year = 2014 | title = Solutrean hypothesis: genetics, the mammoth in the room | url = https://www.academia.edu/9562579 | journal = World Archaeology | volume = 46 | issue = 5| pages = 752–774 | doi = 10.1080/00438243.2014.966273 }}
9. ^[https://www.academia.edu/9562579/Solutrean_hypothesis_genetics_the_mammoth_in_the_room Bolnick, Bolnick, and Smith 2006, Fig 6b; Zegura et al. 2004, Fig. 5).]
10. ^Malhi (2008). "Distribution of Y Chromosomes Among Native North Americans: A Study of Athapaskan Population History"
11. ^{{cite journal |author1=Lell Jeffrey T. |author2=Sukernik Rem I. |author3=Starikovskaya Yelena B. |author4=Su Bing |author5=Jin Li |author6=Schurr Theodore G. |author7=Underhill Peter A. |author8=Wallace Douglas C. | year = 2002 | title = The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American | url = | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 70 | issue = 1| pages = 192–206 | doi=10.1086/338457 | pmid=11731934 | pmc=384887}}
12. ^{{cite journal |author1=Raghavan Maanasa |author2=Skoglund Pontus |author3=Graf Kelly E. |author4=Metspalu Mait |author5=Albrechtsen Anders |author6=Moltke Ida |author7=Rasmussen Simon |author8=Thomas W. Stafford Jr |author9=Orlando Ludovic |author10=Metspalu Ene |author11=Karmin Monika |author12=Tambets Kristiina |author13=Rootsi Siiri |author14=Mägi Reedik |author15=Campos Paula F. |author16=Balanovska Elena |author17=Balanovsky Oleg |author18=Khusnutdinova Elza |author19=Litvinov Sergey |author20=Osipova Ludmila P. |author21=Fedorova Sardana A. |author22=Voevoda Mikhail I. |author23=DeGiorgio Michael |author24=Sicheritz-Ponten Thomas |author25=Brunak Søren | year = 2013| title = (2 January 2014). "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans" | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 505 | issue = 7481| pages = 87–91 | doi=10.1038/nature12736|display-authors=etal | pmid=24256729 | pmc=4105016}}
13. ^{{cite journal| pmc=384887 | pmid=11731934 | doi=10.1086/338457 | volume=70 | title=The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes | date=January 2002 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=192–206 |vauthors=Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, etal}}
14. ^{{Citation |last1=Underhill |first1=Peter A. |year=2015 |title=The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=124–131 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 |pmid=24667786 |pmc=4266736}}
15. ^¹Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions
16. ^{{Citation| last1=Khar'kov | first1= V.N. | title=Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups | journal=Genetika | volume= 43 | issue=5 | pages=675–87 | year=2007 | pmid=17633562 | postscript= }}
17. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 17909833 | title = Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample | doi=10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 | volume=122 | issue = 3 | date=May 2008 | journal=Int. J. Legal Med. | pages=251–5 |vauthors=Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C |display-authors=etal}}
18. ^Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe: Distribution and Origins
19. ^{{Citation|author=Reuters|title=Most Euro men are related to King Tut: DNA testing reveals strange genetic link among Europeans; Oddly, most Egyptians not in the family|publisher=Metro NY|date=August 2, 2011|url=http://www.metro.us/newyork/international/article/931992--most-euro-men-are-related-to-king-tut|postscript=}}
20. ^Note that in earlier literature the M269 marker, rather than M343, was used to define the "R1b" haplogroup. Then, for a time (from 2003 to 2005) what is now R1b1c was designated R1b3.
21. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMBuo7JHesg About R1a and R1b from Ural epic story. Artem Lukichev (c)]