“Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

Distribution

Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 43% of Ulchs,^[2] approximately 40% of Nanais, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Koryaks, Itelmens) and Maritime Southeast Asia. {{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the Malay Archipelago contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental Southeast Asia in a manner reminiscent of haplogroup E. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of Koreans^[3] and in South Siberian and Central Asian populations with an average frequency of 1%.^[6]^[7]

The Y2 subclade has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from Nias in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.^[8]

Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y

Population

Frequency

Count

Source

Subtypes

Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)

0.661

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Y1=37

Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)

0.658

Duggan|2013}}

Y1a=25

Ulchi (Old Bulava, New Bulava, Bogorodskoe, and Nizhniy Gavan villages)

0.431

160

Sukernik|2012}}

Y1a=69

Hezhen (China)

0.400

HGDP ( Lippold 2014)

Y1a=4

Indonesian (Nias)

0.400

440

van Oven|2011}}

Y2=176

Ulch (Old and New Bulava)

0.379

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Y1=33

Negidal

0.212

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Y1=7

Ainu

0.196

Satou|2009}}
{{harvnb|Tajima|2004}}

Y1=10

Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra)

0.167

Hill|2006}}

Y2=7

Filipino (Palawan)

0.150

Scholes|2011}}

Y2=3

Even (Berezovka)

0.133

Duggan|2013}}

Y1a=2

Filipino

0.129

Hill|2007}}

Y2=8

Evenk (Taimyr)

0.125

Duggan|2013}}

Y1a=3

Koryak

0.097

155

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Y=15

Evenk (Buryatia)

0.089

Derenko|2007}}

Y=4

Udegey (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai)

0.087

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Y1=4

Filipino (Mindanao)

0.071

Tabbada|2010}}

Y2=5

Udegey (Gvasyugi, Khabarovsk Krai)

0.065

Duggan|2013}}

Y1a=2

Filipino

0.063

Tabbada|2010}}

Y2=4

Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra)

0.058

Hill|2006}}

Y2=3

Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)

0.050

Comas|2004}}

Y=1

Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)

0.050

Comas|2004}}

Y=1

Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)

0.050

Comas|2004}}

Y=1

Orok (Sakhalin)

0.049

Bermisheva|2005}}

Y=3

Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)

0.048

105

Fedorova|2013}}

Y1a=5

Filipino (Luzon)

0.045

177

Tabbada|2010}}

Y2=8

Itelmen

0.043

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Y=2

Batak (Palawan)

0.032

Scholes|2011}}

Y2=1

Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)

0.032

Li|2007}}

Y1=1

Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)

0.030

Wen|2004}}

Y=1

Khamnigan (Buryatia)

0.030

Derenko|2007}}

Y=3

Korean

0.029

346

Maruyama|2003}}

Y=10

Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)

0.027

Derenko|2007}}

Y=2

Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)

0.027

111

Fedorova|2013}}

Y1a=3

Even (Kamchatka)

0.026

Duggan|2013}}

Y1a=1

Tajik (Tajikistan)

0.023

Derenko|2007}}

Y=1

Yakut (Central)

0.023

Duggan|2013}}

Y1a=2

Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)

0.022

Kong|2003}}

Y1=1

Han (Xinjiang)

0.021

Yao|2004}}

Y1=1

Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar)

0.021

Jin|2009}}

Y1=1

Kalmyk (Kalmykia)

0.018

110

Derenko|2007}}

Y=2

Kazakh (Kazakhstan)

0.018

Yao|2004}}

Y1=1

Japanese (Tōhoku)

0.018

336

Umetsu|2005}}

Y=6

Uzbek (Xinjiang)

0.017

Yao|2004}}

Y1=1

Indonesian (Sulawesi)

0.017

237

Hill|2007}}

Y2=4

Korean (South Korea)

0.015

203

Umetsu|2005}}

Y=3

Taiwan aborigines

0.014

640

Peng|2011}}

Y=9

Buryat (Buryatia)

0.014

295

Derenko|2007}}

Y=4

Taiwanese

0.013

152

Maruyama|2003}}

Y=2

Indonesian (Adonara)

0.013

Mona|2009}}

Y2=1

Indonesian (Bali)

0.012

Hill|2007}}

Y2=1

Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)

0.012

164

Fedorova|2013}}

Y1a=2

Chinese

0.011

263

Maruyama|2003}}

Y=3

Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)

0.011

Umetsu|2005}}

Y=1

Korean (South Korea)

0.011

185

Jin|2009}}

Y1=1, Y2=1

Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic)

0.010

Derenko|2012}}

Y1=1

Japanese (Miyazaki)

0.010

100

Uchiyama|2007}}

Y=1

Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)

0.010

103

Wen|2005}}

Y=1

Korean (South Korea)

0.010

103

Derenko|2007}}

Y=1

Buryat

0.008

126

Kong|2003}}

Y1=1

Tatar (Buinsk, Tatarstan)

0.008

126

Malyarchuk|2010}}

Y1b=1

Japanese (northern Kyūshū)

0.008

256

Umetsu|2005}}

Y=2

Barghut (Hulunbuir)

0.007

149

Derenko|2012}}

Y1=1

Okinawa

0.006

326

Umetsu|2005}}

Y=2

Japanese

0.005

211

Maruyama|2003}}

Y=1

Japanese (Hokkaidō)

0.005

217

Asari|2007}}

Y=1

Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm Oblast)

0.005

221

Bermisheva|2002}}

Y=1

Korean (South Korea)

0.004

261

Kim|2008}}

Y=1

Han (southern California)

0.003

390

Ji|2012}}

Y=1

Han (Taiwan)

0.001

1117

Ji|2012}}

Y=1

Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Chukchi (Anadyr)

0.000

Derenko|2007}}

Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)

0.000

Comas|2004}}

Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)

0.000

Comas|2004}}

Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)

0.000

Volodko|2008}}

Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)

0.000

Comas|2004}}

Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)

0.000

Comas|2004}}

Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)

0.000

Comas|2004}}

Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)

0.000

Comas|2004}}

Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)

0.000

Li|2007}}

Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)

0.000

Fedorova|2013}}

Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)

0.000

Fornarino|2009}}

Nganasan

0.000

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast)

0.000

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Kubachi (Dagestan)

0.000

Marchani|2008}}

Kurd (northwestern Iran)

0.000

Derenko|2007}}

Kumyk (Dagestan)

0.000

Marchani|2008}}

Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra)

0.000

Hill|2006}}

Andhra Pradesh (tribal)

0.000

Fornarino|2009}}

Batek (Malaysia)

0.000

Hill|2006}}

Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)

0.000

Li|2007}}

Cun (Hainan)

0.000

Peng|2011}}

Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Lingao (Hainan)

0.000

Peng|2011}}

Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)

0.000

Volodko|2008}}

Mendriq (Malaysia)

0.000

Hill|2006}}

Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Nogai (Dagestan)

0.000

Marchani|2008}}

Temuan (Malaysia)

0.000

Hill|2006}}

Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Aleut (Commander Islands)

0.000

Volodko|2008}}

Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Yakut (Yakutia)

0.000

Derenko|2007}}

Sireniki Eskimo

0.000

Volodko|2008}}

Ket

0.000

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Eskimo (Naukan)

0.000

Volodko|2008}}

Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Nganasan

0.000

Volodko|2008}}

Han (Beijing)

0.000

Jin|2009}}

Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Manchurian

0.000

Jin|2009}}

Thai

0.000

Jin|2009}}

Tharu (Morang, Nepal)

0.000

Fornarino|2009}}

Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)

0.000

Comas|2004}}

Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)

0.000

Wen|2005}}

Vietnamese

0.000

Jin|2009}}

Indonesian (Ambon)

0.000

Hill|2007}}

Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok)

0.000

Hill|2007}}

Hui (Xinjiang)

0.000

Yao|2004}}

Indonesian (Alor)

0.000

Hill|2007}}

Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Tofalar

0.000

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)

0.000

Kong|2003}}

Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)

0.000

Yao|2004}}

Mongolian (Ulan Bator)

0.000

Derenko|2007}}

Uyghur (Xinjiang)

0.000

Yao|2004}}

Hindu (New Delhi)

0.000

Fornarino|2009}}

Korean (Arun Banner)

0.000

Kong|2003}}

Kyrgyz (Talas)

0.000

Yao|2004}}

Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)

0.000

Kong|2003}}

Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)

0.000

Yao|2004}}

Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Eskimo (Chaplin)

0.000

Volodko|2008}}

Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba)

0.000

Hill|2007}}

Jahai (Malaysia)

0.000

Hill|2006}}

Korean (northern China)

0.000

Jin|2009}}

Senoi (Malaysia)

0.000

Hill|2006}}

Kazakh (Xinjiang)

0.000

Yao|2004}}

Teleut (Kemerovo)

0.000

Derenko|2007}}

Chuvash (Morgaushsky, Chuvashia)

0.000

Bermisheva|2002}}

Uyghur (Kazakhstan)

0.000

Yao|2004}}

Tibetan (Qinghai)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Khakassian (Khakassia)

0.000

Derenko|2007}}

Semelai (Malaysia)

0.000

Hill|2006}}

Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky, Komi Republic)

0.000

Bermisheva|2002}}

Mansi

0.000

Pimenoff|2008}}

Tujia (western Hunan)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Chukchi

0.000

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Bai (Dali, Yunnan)

0.000

Wen|2004}}

Saami (Finland)

0.000

Tambets|2004}}

Tatar (Aznakayevo, Tatarstan)

0.000

Malyarchuk|2010}}

Telenghit (Altai Republic)

0.000

Derenko|2007}}

Tubalar (Turochaksky & Choysky, Altai Republic)

0.000

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug)

0.000

Bermisheva|2002}}

Siberian Eskimo

0.000

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Persian (eastern Iran)

0.000

Derenko|2007}}

Shor (Kemerovo)

0.000

Derenko|2007}}

Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)

0.000

Volodko|2008}}

Altai Kizhi

0.000

Derenko|2007}}

Tuvan

0.000

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Eskimo (Canada)

0.000

Volodko|2008}}

Mansi

0.000

Starikovskaya|2005}}

Saami (Sweden)

0.000

Tambets|2004}}

Udmurt (Malopurginsky, Udmurtia & Tatyshlinsky, Bashkortostan)

0.000

101

Bermisheva|2002}}

Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)

0.000

102

Liu|2011}}

Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky, Mordovia)

0.000

102

Bermisheva|2002}}

Tuvinian

0.000

105

Derenko|2007}}

Khanty

0.000

106

Pimenoff|2008}}

Yakut

0.000

117

Kong|2003}}

Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, & Zhigansky, Yakutia)

0.000

125

Fedorova|2013}}

Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)

0.000

133

Fornarino|2009}}

Mari (Zvenigovsky, Mari El)

0.000

136

Bermisheva|2002}}

Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)

0.000

137

Ji|2012}}

Yakut (northern Yakutia)

0.000

148

Fedorova|2013}}

Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)

0.000

154

Fedorova|2013}}

Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)

0.000

160

Umetsu|2005}}

Aleut (Aleutian Islands)

0.000

163

Volodko|2008}}

Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)

0.000

168

Peng|2010}}

Tatar (Almetyevsky and Yelabuzhsky, Tatarstan)

0.000

228

Bermisheva|2002}}

Saami (Norway)

0.000

278

Tambets|2004}}

Japanese (Tōkai)

0.000

282

Umetsu|2005}}

Tibetan (Tibet)

0.000

289

Ji|2012}}

Li (Hainan)

0.000

346

Peng|2011}}

Eskimo (Greenland)

0.000

385

Volodko|2008}}

Subclades

Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016, mtDNA haplogroup Y1a was observed in an Ulchi sampled in Nizhniy Gavan, Lower Amur, whereas mtDNA haplogroup Y2a1 was observed in an Igorot from Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (sampled in Singapore) and in a Hawaiian.^[9]

Y1 predominates in the Northeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Sea of Okhotsk. Y1* has been observed in two Uyghurs, a Minnan Han Chinese in Taiwan, and a Khamnigan. Y1a* has been observed in a Buryat in Zabaikal, in Mongolia, in a Daur and a Han Chinese in China, and in Tibet. Y1a with an additional T16189C mutation is common among the Nivkhs and among several Tungusic peoples (Hezhen in the PRC, Ulchi, Udegey, Even in the basins of the Kolyma and Indigirka rivers). Y1a1 has been observed in at least five Uyghurs, a Kyrgyz, a Buryat in Buryat Republic, a Hezhen in China, an Udegey, three Evenks in Taimyr, and two Yakuts in central Sakha Republic. Y1a2 has been observed in Koryaks and in an Even in Kamchatka. Y1a appears to be a relatively young haplogroup, with an age of 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years estimated from 13 complete genomes (Ulchi x 6, Nivkh x 3, Koryak x 2, Even x 1, Mongolian x 1); however, this estimate may be relevant only for the TMRCA of Y1a2 and most Y1a* and Y1a-T16189C haplotypes, as it is not certain that any of the Y1a mtDNAs that have been analyzed belong to the Y1a1 clade.^[10] Y1b has been observed in a Tatar from Buinsk, Y1b1 has been observed in China, and Y1b1a has been observed in China and in Japan. The age of the entire Y1 clade has been estimated from 17 complete genomes (including the 13 aforementioned members of the Y1a clade plus one Japanese, one Chinese, and one Tatar member of the Y1b clade plus one Khamnigan member of Y1*) to be 12,400 (95% CI 5,900 <-> 19,100) ybp.^[10]

Y2a predominates in the Southeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Philippines and Sumatra. However, Y2b has been observed in Japan and in a Buryat, and Y2* has been observed in Chinese, Japanese, and Khamnigan samples.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Y subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation^[1] and subsequent published research.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal|title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation|journal=Human Mutation|date=13 Oct 2008|first=Mannis|last=van Oven|author2=Manfred Kayser|volume=30|issue=2|pages=E386–E394|doi=10.1002/humu.20921|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204155605/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|dead-url=yes|archive-date=4 December 2012|format=|accessdate=2009-05-20|pmid=18853457 }}
2. ^M. A. Bermisheva, I. A. Kutuev, V. A. Spitsyn et al., "Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Population of Oroks", Russian Journal of Genetics, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 66–71. Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 78–84.
3. ^¹{{cite journal | doi = 10.1101/gr.2286304 | last1 = Tanaka | first1 = Masashi | last2 = Cabrera | first2 = Vicente M. | last3 = González | first3 = Ana M.|name-list-format=vanc| last4 = Larruga | first4 = JM| year = 2004 | last5 = Takeyasu | first5 = T | last6 = Fuku | first6 = N | last7 = Guo | first7 = LJ | last8 = Hirose | first8 = R | last9 = Fujita | first9 = Y | title = Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan | url = | journal = Genome Research | volume = 14 | issue = 10A| pages = 1832–1850 | pmid = 15466285 | pmc = 524407 | displayauthors = 3 }}
4. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Tajima | first1 = Atsushi | last2 = Hayami | first2 = Masanori | last3 = Tokunaga | first3 = Katsushi|name-list-format=vanc| last4 = Juji | first4 = T| year = 2004 | last5 = Matsuo | first5 = M | last6 = Marzuki | first6 = S | last7 = Omoto | first7 = K | last8 = Horai | first8 = S | title = Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages | url = | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | pmid = 14997363 | volume = 49 | issue = 4| pages = 187–193 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x | displayauthors = 3 }}
5. ^Noboru Adachi, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Kazuo Umetsu, and Hirofumi Matsumura, "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Jomon Skeletons From the Funadomari Site, Hokkaido, and Its Implication for the Origins of Native American", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138:255–265 (2009)
6. ^Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia by Derenko1 et al., Annals of Human Genetics Volume 67 Issue 5 Page 391 - September 2003
7. ^Yong-Gang Yao, Qing-Peng Kong, Cheng-Ye Wang et al., "Different Matrilineal Contributions to Genetic Structure of Ethnic Groups in the Silk Road Region in China", Mol. Biol. Evol. 21(12):2265–2280. 2004
8. ^Mannis van Oven, Johannes M Hämmerle, Marja van Schoor et al., "Unexpected island effects at an extreme: reduced Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Nias", Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010) {{doi|10.1093/molbev/msq300}}
9. ^Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, et al., "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." Nature 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964
10. ^¹²Rem I. Sukernik, Natalia V. Volodko, Ilya O. Mazunin, Nikolai P. Eltsov, Stanislav V. Dryomov, and Elena B. Starikovskaya, "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148:123–138 (2012). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.22050

Origin

Distribution

Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y

Subclades

Tree

See also

References

External links