“Clarke Island (Tasmania)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Clarke Island (also known by its indigenous name of Lungtalanana Island^[1]), part of the Furneaux Group, is an {{convert|82|km2|adj=on}} island in Bass Strait, south of Cape Barren Island, about {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip}}^[2] off the northeast coast of Tasmania, Australia.^[3]

Off its west coast lies the shipwreck of HMS Litherland, which sank in 1853 and was discovered in 1983.^[4] Clarke Island is Tasmania's eighth largest island.^[5] The island is privately owned by Connor Bradley.

History

Lungtalanana was inhabited by indigenous people prior to European invasion, and some of these people had developed a reputation for fiercely protecting their land, as documented by Matthew Flinders, George Bass and in documentation of the wreck of Sydney Cove. Sydney Cove ran aground between Preservation Island and Rum Island on 28 February 1797.^[6]. A party of seventeen men set off on 28 February 1787 in the ship's longboat to reach help at Port Jackson, {{convert|400|nmi|km}} away. This was led by first mate Hugh Thompson, and included William Clark the supercargo, three European seaman and twelve lascars. Ill fortune struck again and they were wrecked on the mainland at the northern end of Ninety Mile Beach. Their only hope was to walk along the shore all the way to Sydney, a distance of over {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=off}}.

They had few provisions and no ammunition, and fatigue and hunger lessened their number as they marched. Along the way they encountered various aboriginal people, some friendly and some not. The last of the party to die on the march was killed by a man Dilba and his people near Hat Hill. Those people had a reputation around Port Jackson for being ferocious. Matthew Flinders and George Bass had feared for their safety when they encountered Dilba the previous year.

In May 1797 the three survivors of the march, William Clark, sailor John Bennet and one lascar had made it to the cove at Wattamolla^[7] and, on 15 May 1797, with their strength nearly at an end they were able to signal a boat out fishing, which took them on to Sydney.

On the march Clark had noted coal in the cliffs at what is now called Coalcliff between Sydney and Wollongong. This was the first coal found in Australia.^[8] On arrival at Port Jackson, the men informed Governor Hunter of the Sydney Cove and its remaining crew.^[9] Hunter despatched the Francis and the Eliza to salvage the ship and take the remaining crew and cargo to Port Jackson.^[6]

On the first salvage trip,^[9] the crew of the Francis discovered wombats on the island^[10] and a live animal was taken back to Port Jackson.^[10] Matthew Flinders travelling on board the Francis on its third and final salvage trip also decided to take a wombat specimen from the island to Port Jackson. Governor Hunter later sent the animal's corpse to Joseph Banks at the Literary and Philosophical Society^[11] to verify it as a new species. The island was named Clarke island after William Clark.^[6]^[12]

Recent developments

The root fungus pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi, known to be able to kill Australian native plants was found in the island in an isolated case, in 2002.^[14]

Introduced animals still inhabiting the island include rabbits, cats and rats.^[15]

On 10 May 2005, the government released Crown lands on both Cape Barren and Clarke Island to be overseen by the local Aboriginal association.^[16] This marked the first official handover of Crown land to an Aboriginal community in Tasmania. {{As of|2009}}, Clarke Island had one permanent resident. Current infrastructure is limited and ageing.^[17]

Topography

A prominent feature of Clarke Island is a central plateau that rises {{convert|350|ft|m|order=flip}}. This inland highland provides a limited water catchment from which water flows directly to the sea.^[18] The highest elevation point is {{convert|676|ft|m|order=flip}}, located on a northwestern point of the island.^[19]To the East of the Island are a collection of white beaches in the Rutherford Cove area.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/news/archive/20060725/awardsandcompetitions20060725.htm |title=Awards and Competitions |date=25 July 2006 |publisher=Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |accessdate=30 December 2009}}
2. ^{{cite book |title=Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 5 - 1912, Issue 6 |year=1912 |publisher=Australian Commonwealth - Bureau of Census and Statistics |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjVOUs7wG1EC&pg=PA78&dq=clarke+Island+tasmania&cd=8#v=onepage&q=clarke%20Island%20tasmania&f=false |accessdate=30 December 2009}}
3. ^{{Gazetteer of Australia|name=Clarke Island, Tasmania (Islands & Reefs)|id=211717}} Retrieved 29 December 2009.
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1772 |title=Litherland |author=Parks & Wildlife Service |date=25 July 2008 |work=Shipwrecks |publisher=Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment |accessdate=26 December 2009}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/D1C2967E40D51C1DCA2573C5000D9EC3?opendocument |title=1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2008 |date=3 January 2008 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=30 December 2009}}
6. ^¹²Nash, M. "Maritime Archaeology Monograph and Reports Series No.2 - Investigation of a Survivors Camp from the Sydney Cove Shipwreck." Master of Maritime Archaeology Thesis. Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, South Australia. 2004. Accessed 30 December 2009.
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.begavalley.nsw.gov.au/About/History%20of%20the%20Shire/the_district.htm |title=First Europeon Steps - Ship Wrecked Sailors |work=A bit of history |publisher=Bega Valley Shire Council |accessdate=30 December 2009}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://eheritage.statelibrary.tas.gov.au/resources/detail.aspx?f=letter%3DS%26page%3D18&TITLE=The+Sydney+Cove+(vessel)%3A+Diaries+and+Reports&ID=FHR_00625 |title=The Sydney Cove (vessel): Diaries and Reports |author=Furneaux Historical Research Association Inc |accessdate=30 December 2009}}
9. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1739 |title=Voyage, Shipwreck and Salvage |author=Parks & Wildlife Service, |date=21 July 2008 |work=The Sydney Cove |publisher=Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment |accessdate=30 December 2009}}
10. ^¹{{cite book |title=Vombatidae |last1=Wells |first1=R.T. |editor1-first=D.W. |editor1-last=Walton |others=Richardson, B.J. |year=1989 |publisher=AGPS Canberra/Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts - Commonwealth of Australia |isbn=0-644-06056-5 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/ |accessdate=30 December 2009 |page=4 |chapter=Volume 1B Mammalia |chapterurl=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/pubs/volume1b/32-ind.pdf }}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://blogs.usyd.edu.au/elac/2009/01/the_wombat_trail_1.html |title=The 'wombat' trail - David Nash |author=Simpson, J. |date=16 January 2009 |work=Transient Languages & Cultures |publisher=The University of Sydney |accessdate=30 December 2009}}
12. ^{{cite book |title=A Record of Tasmanian nomenclature, with dates and origins |last=Moore-Robinson |first=J. |year=1911 |publisher=The Mercury Printing Office - Hobart, Tasmania |page=28 |url=http://ia351419.us.archive.org/attachpdf.php?file=%2F1%2Fitems%2Frecordoftasmania00mooriala%2Frecordoftasmania00mooriala.pdf |accessdate=30 December 2009}}
13. ^{{cite book |last1=Kostoglou |first1=Parry |title=Sealing in Tasmania historical research project |date=1996 |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service |location=Hobart |pages=97-8 |edition=First}}
14. ^Schahinger, R., Rudman, T. and Wardlaw, T. "Conservation of Tasmanian Plant Species & Communities Threatened by Phytophthora cinnamomi - Strategic Regional Plan for Tasmania - Nature Conservation Branch Technical Report 03/03." Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment and Resources. March 2003. Accessed 30 December 2009.
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://soer.justice.tas.gov.au/2009/indicator/112/index.php |title=State of the Environment Report 2009 |date=18 December 2009 |publisher=Tasmanian Planning Commission |accessdate=30 December 2009}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/documents/annualreport/2004-2005/output_group14.html |year=2005 |accessdate=2007-10-10 |title=ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS - POLICY ADVICE AND COMMUNITY SERVICES |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901131459/http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/documents/annualreport/2004-2005/output_group14.html |archivedate=1 September 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://idc-online.com/pdf/Papers/WELLS.pdf |title=Session Five: Clarke Island Case Study – Hybrid SPS Installation |author1=Wells, R. |author2=Porter, D. |year=2009 |work=Regional Electrical Engineering Forum 2009 |publisher=IDC Technologies |accessdate=30 December 2009}}
18. ^Blake, F. "Preliminary Report on the Furneaux Group of Islands." Mineral Resources Tasmania, Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources, State Government of Tasmania. 17 October 1935. Accessed 30 December 2009.
19. ^¹Blake, F. "The Furneaux Group of islands." Mineral Resources Tasmania, Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources, State Government of Tasmania. 22 August 1947. Accessed 30 December 2009.