| 词条 | Harrison family of Virginia |
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|header=Harrison coats of arms |direction=vertical |width1=200 |image1=Coat of Arms of William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison.svg |caption1= |width2=200 |image2=Harrison Family Seal—Daniel Harrison, Augusta County, Virginia—1770.jpg |caption2= }} The Harrison family of Virginia, primarily consisting of two branches, is a notable political family in the history of the Commonwealth of Virginia and in United States history. Members include a Founding Father of the nation and three Presidents of the United States, as well as state governors, legislators, education leaders, and mayors. The family's origin is in England; members of one branch immigrated to Virginia before 1633, settled on the James River, and are frequently referred to as the James River Harrisons. This branch includes successive generations who served in the colonial Virginia legislature, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and several Virginia governors. Also notably descended from the James River family were two presidents of the United States, William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison. The family produced as well two Chicago mayors, and members of the U. S. House of Representatives. The second branch of the Virginia Harrisons immigrated in 1687, first to New England, and then settled in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia 50 years later. This branch is believed to descend from an interim chaplain of the Jamestown Colony, who returned to England. The Shenandoah Harrisons include the founder of the city of Harrisonburg, and brought forth another of the nation's presidents, Abraham Lincoln. This branch also includes noted physicians, educators, and local officials. While singularly producing three U. S. Presidents, the Harrisons are one of four families to produce two presidents, the others being the Adams, Roosevelt, and Bush families. English originsGenealogists believe the first Harrisons were Viking warriors of Norse origin, and that they arrived in England with Cnut the Great. Others indicate they are of Norman, Irish and Scottish descent. Many Harrisons are known to have settled in Northumberland, as well as Yorkshire and Durham, all in the northernmost region of England. Though some continued the use of the older spelling—"Harryson" (for 'son of Harry')—this ended with their arrival in the New World.[1] It is readily apparent that the two family lines of Harrison immigrants to Virginia shared very similar coats of arms, both issued in English peerage. They feature helmets and shields, emblazoned by eagle(s) of golden shade, upon a dark field, with supporters. The arms of William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) of the James River Harrisons, depicting three eagles, are mentioned in the arms of "Harrison of the North" granted in England in 1574 as well as those of "Harrison of London" granted in 1613 with a pedigree dating from 1374. It has often been referred to as the "Yorkshire arms".[1] A second, like coat of arms, the "Durham arms", was used by Daniel Harrison of the Shenandoah Valley Harrisons, represented by one eagle, and sourced to Harrisons descended from Durham. Included is the crest shoulder "gules" (red) signaling strength/martyrdom. This is established by the pedigree of Robert Harrison in 1630, depicting him as the grandson of Rowland Harrison of Barnard Castle in Durham.[1] James River familyAmong the First Families of Virginia, the James River Harrisons came to the Colony of Virginia in 1630 when Benjamin Harrison I (1594–1648)[2] (the first of many to bear that name) left England for the Americas. Several writers “unhesitatingly state” that Benjamin had four brothers—Thomas, who also ended up in the south, and Richard, Nathaniel and Edward who were in the north.[1][3] Writer Francis Burton Harrison opined there was no relationship between the above Thomas and Benjamin Harrison, but without supporting rationale.[4] One source refers to Thomas as born in 1616 at Kingston-upon-Hull, Yorkshire, the son of Robert Harrison, a merchant of Hull.[4] The father of these brothers is said by another source to be Richard Harrison, who descended from the above Rowland Harrison of Durham.[5] Another tradition, not adequately sourced, indicates the brothers may have been the sons of Thomas Harrison, Lord of Gobion's Manor (1568–1625) and Elizabeth Bernard (1569–1643) of St. Giles, Nottinghamshire, England.[1] In any case, Benjamin's brother Richard settled in Connecticut. Brother Edward later was in Boston. Brother Rev. Thomas Harrison (1619–1682) arrived in Virginia in 1640, and was the minister at Elizabeth River Parish. It is probable, though inconclusive, that Thomas was the ancestor of the Shenandoah Harrison family referenced below.[1] The first Benjamin Harrison was certain to have arrived by 1633 when he was installed as Clerk of the Virginia Governor's Council. In 1642 he became the first of the clan to serve as a legislator, in the Virginia House of Burgesses.[6] For more than two centuries afterwards the Harrisons played a noteworthy role in American political history.[6] His son, Benjamin Harrison II (1645–1712), served as County Sheriff, and in the House of Burgesses as well, and also was appointed to the Governor's Council, the upper house of the Colony's legislature. It should be noted that none of the successive Benjamins used the numerical suffix—this has become a convenient tool for historians in distinguishing them.[7] The second Benjamin in turn fathered Benjamin Harrison III (1673–1710), who similarly was drafted for public service and power, as acting attorney general, then Treasurer of the Colony and member, as well as Speaker of the Burgesses. He famously made acquisition of Berkeley Hundred on the James River.[8] Benjamin Harrison IV (1693–1745) became a member of the House of Burgesses, but did not otherwise pursue politics. He notably married Anne Carter (1702–1745), daughter of Robert "King" Carter (1662/63–1732), and built the family homestead, Berkeley Plantation.[9]"The Signer" and two presidents{{multiple image| direction=horizontal | width= | footer= | width1=126 | image1=Benjamin Harrison V miniature portrait.png | alt1= | caption1= | width2=240 | image2=Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg | alt2= | caption2= Harrison is seated at the table far left. |header=Grandfather–grandson presidents |width1=170 |image1=William Henry Harrison daguerreotype edit.jpg |caption1= |width2=142 |image2=Pach Brothers - Benjamin Harrison.jpg |caption2= }} The next in line, Benjamin Harrison V (1726–1791), is known as "the Signer" of the Declaration of Independence, representing Virginia in both the First and Second Continental Congresses. He served as Chairman of the Congress' Committee of the Whole, and presided as such over final deliberations of the Declaration. He was a rather corpulent and boisterous man by Puritan standards. Although John Adams referred to him variously as the Congress' "Falstaff", and also as “obscene”, “profane”, and “impious”, he admitted that, “Harrison's contributions and many pleasantries steadied rough sessions."[10] A close friend and confidant of Gen George Washington, Harrison served on the Board of War with Adams, Roger Sherman, James Wilson, and Edward Rutledge, as well as the Committee of Secret Correspondence (the de facto State Department) with Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and others.[11] A quote is attributed to Harrison—as he was about to put his signature to the Declaration, he turned to his fellow signatory, the diminutive Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, and said, "I shall have a great advantage over you, Mr. Gerry, when we are all hung for what we are now doing. From the size and weight of my body I shall die in a few minutes and be with the Angels, but from the lightness of your body you will dance in the air an hour or two before you are dead."[11] Harrison's family, like those of many of the Founders, did suffer at the hands of the British for his role in the revolution. The infamous Benedict Arnold and his troops pillaged many plantations, including Harrison's Berkeley. In January 1781, Arnold's troops, intent upon the obliteration of all images of the family, removed every family portrait from Harrison's home and made a bonfire of them.[11] The Harrisons held and traded slaves, whose inhumane treatment was consistent with the institution. The family sought to indoctrinate their slaves in Christianity, while providing sustenance on their plantations. The Harrisons made efforts to keep slave families together, though this effort was itself compromised with the diminished use of primogeniture and wider distribution of property at death. The Harrisons abandoned their slaveholding as the abolitionist tradition took hold.[12] Benjamin Harrison, the future president, began his political career in Indiana by joining the fledgling Republican party then being built on opposition to slavery.[13] "The Signer" also served in the House of Burgesses and later as Governor of Virginia (1781–1784). He had a brother Nathaniel who served as Sheriff of Prince George County and in the House of Delegates, and later settled in Amelia County. Nathaniel's son Edmund served as Speaker in the House.[14] Benjamin Harrison VI (1755–1799) was a successful businessman and also served in the Virginia House of Delegates. His brother was General William Henry Harrison, who served as a congressional delegate for the Northwest Territory, was appointed in 1800 as Governor of the Indiana Territory, and also served in the War of 1812. In the 1840 presidential election, William Henry defeated incumbent Martin Van Buren, but fell ill and died just one month into his presidency. Vice President John Tyler, fellow Virginian and Berkeley neighbor, succeeded him. William Henry was the father of John Scott Harrison, an Ohio congressman.[15]John Scott Harrison (1804–1878) was the father of Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901), a brigadier general in the Union Army during the Civil War. Benjamin also served in the U.S. Senate and was later elected president in 1888.[16] By marriage the James River Harrisons are related to the Byrds, Lees, Washingtons, Tylers, Randolphs and Carters and other families.[17] Harrisons in the Shenandoah ValleyThe Harrisons who settled in the Shenandoah Valley in the 1730s came from New England, and most likely had common ancestry with the James River family. As referenced above, this family may descend from Benjamin Harrison I's brother, Rev. Thomas Harrison. In addition to leading his parish at Elizabeth River, at age 21, the young Thomas was appointed by Governor William Berkeley as an acting chaplain of the Jamestown Colony during his time in America.[1] Rev. Thomas HarrisonThomas is said to have attended Sydney College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1638 with a B.A.. After arriving in Virginia in 1640, he became a Puritan and soon thereafter left his parishes following the Indian Massacre at Jamestown. He journeyed to Boston, home of brother Edward as well as many Puritan brethren. He then married Dorothy Symonds, and repatriated to England. In 1650 he had a parish at St. Dunstan-in-the-East, London, joining the English nonconformist counterparts of the Puritans. In 1655, then a widow, he became the Chaplain for Henry Cromwell, accompanied him to Ireland as a nonconformist, and resided with the Governor and family.[4] Bishop Jeremy Taylor is quoted as saying of Thomas, "...he was rewarded by the governor's confidence, and his advice was often asked for and acted upon. When in 1658 he published his extremely popular manual of piety, Topica Sacra, he was the most popular divine in Ireland."[4] It was also in that year that Thomas earned his Doctorate of Divinity from Dublin University.[4] In 1659 he remarried, to Katherine Bradshaw, and for a time resided in Chester. He later settled in Dublin and in 1666 most likely fathered a son Isaiah, who is conclusively known to be the patriarch of the Virginia Harrisons of the Shenandoah Valley. Thomas died in Dublin in 1682.[1] Some have contended that the Valley Harrisons instead descended from Major General Thomas Harrison (1616–1660), who was not only born in the same year as the reverend, but whose wife was also named Katherine. The general famously participated in the regicide of King Charles I of England, and was in 1660 therefore hanged, drawn and quartered. The reverend's position as a nonconformist likely made them allies as respects the monarchy, which added to the confusion of their identities. No record of a pedigree and succeeding coat of arms for the General's family is found at the Herald's College, as in the case of the reverend. Also, no other lineage to the general has been adequately shown, and it is therefore mostly discredited.[18] The strongest evidence, though circumstantial, is that Rev. Thomas Harrison was the father of Isaiah Harrison (1666–1738), who is known to have been born in Dublin at the time of Thomas' residence and marriage there. Thomas' atypical use of the name Isaiah for his son would have been very consistent with his Puritan and nonconformist belief. Isaiah in 1687 sailed from there for New York, most likely on the ship The Spotted Calf—his departure, upon his maturation several years following his father's death, is considered a likely consequence of his father's position as a nonconformist. Though Thomas' last will and testament of 1671 makes no mention of Isaiah, neither does it include another son and namesake, Thomas, born in Chester in 1661.[1] In America, the Congregational church was the counterpart to the nonconformist movement in England and Ireland. Indeed, that Isaiah shared his father's nonconformism is presumed from Isaiah's membership in the Congregational church following his arrival in New England, where Congregationalists were most visible. Isaiah Harrison is shown at Oyster Bay on Long Island in 1687—the very same region from which his father Thomas departed on his return to England. There are frequent and mutual family references at that time between Isaiah's family and the family of Richard Harrison across the Long Island Sound in nearby New Haven, Connecticut. Richard, who arrived in Connecticut in 1644, again was a brother of the first Benjamin as well as Thomas, and therefore was Isaiah's uncle. Two other Harrisons appear in many coincident records of close proximity in New York in the latter part of the 17th century. John Harrison is shown in Flushing in 1685, and Samuel at Gloucester in 1688.[18] Another fact strongly suggesting Thomas’ paternity to Isaiah is in the records in Dublin which show Thomas' consistent spelling of Harrison with the double "s"—not otherwise found to be the case in Ireland or England. Isaiah and his children are known later to have utilized the same spelling in their American court records.[1][19] Isaiah and another presidentIsaiah's first wife was Elizabeth Wright, by whom he had five children before her death in 1698. He remarried to Abigail in 1700, and had five children—four sons, John (1691–1771), Daniel (1701–1770), Thomas (1704–1785), presumably the namesake of Isaiah's father, and Samuel (1712–1790), and one daughter Abigail (1710–1780). After living 14 years at Oyster Bay, Isaiah and family moved to Smithtown near the Nissequogue River, on Long Island, where he remained for 19 years. In 1721, Isaiah's clan moved to Sussex County, Delaware, where Isaiah acquired the Maiden Plantation. While there, daughter Abigail married Alexander Herring (1708–1780).[1] From Delaware, the Harrison family in 1737 migrated to the Valley of Virginia via Alexandria, and camped in the Luray area while waiting for their land grants to be finalized. Isaiah died in 1738, and was buried on the banks of the Shenandoah River. The family's first recorded land acquisition in Virginia was by son Daniel in 1739 in Rockingham County. Daniel and Thomas later founded there the towns of Dayton and Harrisonburg, respectively.[18] Brother John settled at Great Spring and Samuel settled at nearby Linville. Daniel is known to have used the "Durham arms" as his seal for the legal documents in Rockingham.[20] Sister Abigail and husband Alexander Herring settled at Linville also. Their daughter Bathsheba (1742–1836) married Captain Abraham Lincoln (1744–1786), also of Linville, and they had a son Thomas Lincoln (1778–1851); he in turn married Nancy Hanks (1783–1818). They had a son, Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), who was elected president in 1860.[21][22] As president, he famously preserved the United States through its civil war before his assassination in 1865. The Shenandoah Valley Harrisons also include in their number a few local officials—Daniel served as a Captain in the French and Indian War, and Deputy Sheriff in Augusta County. Thomas Harrison was qualified as a lieutenant in that conflict.[23] The family as well had a number of notable educators and physicians, descendants of Daniel and by marriage, primarily from the University of Virginia, viz. Peachy Harrison, Gessner Harrison, George Tucker, Francis H. Smith and wife Mary Stuart Smith, George T. Smith, and J. Hartwell Harrison.[24] The Shenandoah Valley Harrisons are related to the families of George Washington and Robert Carter I and others.[25] LegaciesBenjamin IV's Berkeley Plantation in Charles City County, Virginia, the site in 1619 of one of the first Thanksgivings, was the icon of the Harrison family's "baronial" status in Virginia. Other historic Virginia homes of the Harrison family include Brandon Plantation, Upper Brandon, Hunting Quarter, The Oaks, The Wigwam, Four Mile Tree and Kittiewan.[26] Nearby along Virginia State Route 5 and the Virginia Capital Trail, the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge, a major drawbridge across the James River, is named in honor of "the Signer". The U.S. Army Fort Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis, Indiana was named for President Benjamin Harrison, who was born in Ohio.[26] Beyond the city bearing their name in the Virginia valley, the Shenandoah Harrisons are further memorialized by an academic building, Harrison Hall, on the Campus of James Madison University and nearby Daniel Harrison House in Dayton. There are also memorials at the University of Virginia named for Gessner Harrison, George Tucker, and Mary Stuart Smith.[24] Other family notables{{multiple image|direction=vertical |header=Father-son Chicago Mayors |width=150 |image1=CarterHarrison1890 (cropped).JPG |caption1= (1879–87) |image2=Carter Henry Harrison cph.3c23214.jpg |caption2= (1897–1905;1911–15) }}
[Descendants of Benjamin Harrison IV are related to King Edward I of England, due to Benjamin Harrison IV's marriage into the Carter family. Descendants of Gessner Harrison are related to King George VI due to Gessner's marriage into the Tucker family.] See also
ReferencesCitations1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Harrison, J. Houston, pp. 67–105. Bibliography2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7656419|title=Benjamin Harrison I|publisher=Find A Grave|access-date=June 25, 2018}} 3. ^Keith, p. 43 4. ^1 2 3 4 Harrison, Francis Burton 1945 5. ^McConathy 6. ^1 Dowdey, p. 52 7. ^Dowdey, p. 98 8. ^Dowdey, p. 115. 9. ^Dowdey, p. 146. 10. ^Smith 11. ^1 2 McNamara 12. ^Dowdey, pp. 164–165. 13. ^History.com Editors 14. ^Hooker, p. 27. 15. ^Dowdey, pp. 291–315. 16. ^Bruce, Philip A. 17. ^Dowdey, pp. 270–287. 18. ^1 2 Harrison, J. Houston, pp. 10–15. 19. ^Hood, p. 449. 20. ^Harrison, J. Houston, pp. 128. 21. ^Harrison, J. Houston, pp. 280–286. 22. ^{{cite web|url=https://famouskin.com/pedigree.php?name=7637+abraham+lincoln&ahnum=1|title=Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln–Graphic Family Tree|publisher=Famous Kin.com|access-date=April 16, 2018}} 23. ^Harrison, J. Houston, pp. 200, 204. 24. ^1 Harrison, J. Houston, pp. 89, 191, 319, 396, 478, 555. 25. ^Harrison, J. Houston, pp. 223. 26. ^1 Dowdey, pp. 270–315.
10 : First Families of the United States|Political families of the United States|Harrison family of Virginia|First Families of Virginia|Political families of Virginia|American families of English ancestry|Families from Virginia|Episcopalian families|American genealogy|Family trees |
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