| 词条 | Hartbeespoort Dam |
| 释义 |
| name = Hartbeespoort Dam | image = South Africa-Hartebeespoot dam02.jpg | image_size = 280px | image_caption = The crest gates added in 1970 | location_map = South Africa | name_official = Hartbeespoort Dam | dam_crosses = Crocodile River | res_name = Hartbeespoort Dam Reservoir | country = South Africa | location = North West Province | owner = Department of Water Affairs | dam_type = A | purpose = Irrigation and domestic use | dam_length = 149.5 m | dam_height = 59 m[1] | dam_width_base = 22 m | res_capacity_total = 195,000,000 m3[1] | res_catchment = 4 120 km2[1] | res_surface = 2 062.8 ha | construction_began = 1921[1] | opening = 1923[1] (renovated: 1969) | coordinates = {{coord|25|44|51|S|27|52|1|E|display=inline,title}} | extra = }}Hartbeespoort Dam (also known as Harties) is an arch type dam situated in the North West Province of South Africa. It lies in a valley to the south of the Magaliesberg mountain range and north of the Witwatersberg mountain range, about 35 kilometres north west of Johannesburg and 20 kilometres west of Pretoria. The name of the dam means "gorge of the hartebeest" (a species of antelope) in Afrikaans. This "poort" in the Magaliesberg was a popular spot for hunters, where they cornered and shot the hartebeest.[2] The dam was originally designed for irrigation, which is currently its primary use, as well as for domestic and industrial use.[3] The dam has suffered from a hypertrophic state since the early 1970s. Mismanagement of waste water treatment from urban zones within the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment area is largely to blame, having distorted the food web with over 280 tons of phosphate and nitrate deposits.[4] The town of Hartbeespoort is situated close to the dam wall and the villages of Kosmos, Melodie, Ifafi, Meerhof and The Coves, Pecanwood, Westlake and several other estates can be found alongside its shores. The town of Schoemansville was named after General Hendrik Schoeman, owner of the land during the 19th century.[5] {{clear|left}}History{{Infobox bridge| name = Hartbeespoort Dam bridge | carries = Motor vehicle traffic | width = Single lane | toll = None }} In 1906, the government ordered a public inquiry into the feasibility of building an irrigation dam in the Hartbeespoort of the Magaliesberg. The engineer of the Department of Irrigation that led the inquiry, submitted a favourable report to the government and the Hartebeestpoort Act. 32 of 1914 was accepted by Parliament.[6] As early as 1909 there were test holes drilled at the bottom of the river to determine whether the rock formation was suitable for building such a huge dam. The size of the catchment area was calculated, the water flow was measured and estimates made of the potential irrigable land. Downstream claims to the existing water stream were established. The topography of the riverbank and rock formations were examined to evaluate the viability of the poort for the construction project.[7] The construction of the dam officially started in August 1916. Initially work was delayed pending a court judgement with General Hendrik Schoeman and a certain Mr. Marshevin about the expropriation of their properties. The dispute was later resolved but discontent remained after a hastily passed law to facilitate the expropriation. In his book "Agter die Magalies", Bertus de Beer argues that the government acted in a heavy-handed manner to resolve a number of issues surrounding the construction of the dam. Mother Nature caused further delays due to flooding. In 1914 and again in 1918, huge amounts of construction wood washed down the river and were never recovered. During 1915, the wall of the Geldenhuysdam further up the river broke and the flooding of the site also caused a delay. The disruption caused by the First World War, and the complications brought on by the Rebellion of a group of Afrikaners, brought further delays to the building. Then the first company was liquidated due to financial losses resulting from the floods and delays. In 1921 a second company took on the project and appointed an engineer, F. W. Scott, who tackled the project with renewed energy. In April 1923, after all the setbacks and political upheaval, the project was completed. In September of that same year the road over the wall of the Dam and through the tunnel was opened to traffic. The dam first overflowed in March 1925.[8] The dam was built on the farm Hartebeestpoort, once owned by the Boer General Hendrik Schoeman (1840–1901). The farm and adjacent land were acquired by the State, mainly through the facilitation of his son, Johan Schoeman (1887–1967), around 1912. The completion of the dam made the agricultural land north of the Magaliesberg much more valuable, especially land close to canals and the Krokodil River. {{clear|left}}ConstructionThe dam wall is {{convert|149.5|m|yd}} long and {{convert|59.4|m|foot}} high, built across a gorge cutting through the Magaliesberg. The reservoir is fed by the waters of the Crocodile River and Magalies River and covers approximately {{convert|18.83|km2|mi2}}, with a mean depth of {{convert|9.6|m|foot}} and maximum depth of {{convert|45.1|m|foot}}. It has a surface area of {{convert|20|km2|mi2}}, and its normal range of annual water level fluctuation is {{convert|0.8|m|foot}}. The mixing type of the reservoir is monomictic.[9] A single-laned, tarmac road skirts the water's edge on the north side; along its route it passes through a 56.6 m long tunnel and also crosses the dam wall. {{clear|left}}UseHartbeespoort Dam supplies irrigation water through a {{convert|544|km|mi}} long network of canals to {{convert|159.76|km2|mi2}} of farmland on which tobacco, wheat, lucerne, fruit and flowers are produced. Deteriorating water quality, most notably Microcystin toxin, is now causing much of the irrigated agriculture to fall into disuse.[10] Hartbeespoort has become a very popular holiday and weekend resort for the inhabitants of Johannesburg and Pretoria; it is the principal water recreation area of northern Gauteng and many types of water sports are enjoyed on the dam. The Transvaal Yacht Club has been operating at the dam since its construction in 1923.[11] NSRI Station 25, located at the dam, is one of only three National Sea Rescue Institute inland stations and provides a water rescue service at the dam. {{clear|left}}Water qualityHartbeespoort Dam has been renowned for its poor water quality since the mid twentieth century. [12][13][14]The Dam suffers severe eutrophication, resulting from high concentrations of phosphates and nitrates in the Crocodile River, the major inflow. The primary pollution sources are industrial and domestic effluent from Gauteng.[15] The catchment area includes Bruma lake in the Jukskei River and Centurion lake in the Hennops River.[20] The extreme level of eutrophication is evident in excessive growth of microscopically algae and cyanobacteria, and macrophytes such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).[16] This is caused by the growing level of dysfunction in the many sewage works that drain the city of Johannesburg, which, unusually for a large city, straddles a continental watershed instead of being located on a lake, river or seafront.[17] Hartbeespoort Dam has become a robust example of the unintended consequence when an aquatic ecosystem flips from a stable but desirable state, into a stable but undesirable state, defying the best scientific interventions for decades.[18] This is driven to a certain extent by the decline of data capture and processing systems that underpin water resource management in South Africa.[19] The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry launched the Harties metsi a me (Harties, My Water) programme to find solutions to the water quality problems.[20][21] Budgeted government expenditure from 2004 to 2015 for the clean-up and rehabilitation of the dam and its catchment, and for related community projects, amounted to R900 million.[22] Some biomanipulation methods applied to dams such as Hartbeespoort have come under scientific scrutiny. [23] [24]{{clear|left}}See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.iwrm.co.za/resource%20doc/ihp_conference_2008/gwp%20dwaf%20wfgd/venter_saving.pdf|title=Hartbeespoort Dam Integrated Biological Remediation Program|date=4 September 2008|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry|accessdate=2008-12-02}} 2. ^{{cite book |title=Agter die Magalies |last=de Beer |first=B. K. |year=1975 |publisher=Postma Publikasies |location=Fontainebleau |page=381 |oclc= }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/DamNWHartebeespoort/Harties%20history%20WW%20May-June%2008.pdf|title=SA's Water History – Taming the poort|date=June 2008|publisher=Water Research Commission |accessdate=2010-10-23}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.harties.org.za/algae.aspx|title=Algae Removal|publisher=Department of Water and Sanitation|accessdate=2015-07-01|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701183353/http://www.harties.org.za/algae.aspx|archivedate=1 July 2015|df=dmy-all}} 5. ^{{cite book |title=The Magaliesberg |last=Carruthers |first=Vincent |year=1990 |publisher=Southern Book Publishers |location=Johannesburg |page=333 |oclc= }} 6. ^Turton, A.R., Meissner, R., Mampane, P.M. & Seremo, O. 2004. A Hydropolitical History of South Africa’s International River Basins. Report No. 1220/1/04 to the Water Research Commission. Pretoria: Water Research Commission. 7. ^{{cite book |title=Agter die Magalies |last=de Beer |first=B. K. |year=1975 |publisher=Postma Publikasies |location=Fontainebleau |page=387 |oclc= }} 8. ^{{cite book |title=Agter die Magalies |last=de Beer |first=B. K. |year=1975 |publisher=Postma Publikasies |location=Fontainebleau |page=405 |oclc= }} 9. ^{{cite journal|url=http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/2425|title=Limnology of hartbeespoort dam|year=1985|publisher=Council for Scientific and Industrial Research|accessdate=2008-12-02|last1=Van Blommestein|first1=S. D.|last2=Pais Madeira|first2=A. M.|last3=Mitchell|first3=R. F.|last4=Hills|first4=M. J.|last5=Herbst|first5=H. M.|last6=Grimbeek|first6=L. M.|last7=Fenn|first7=T. A.|last8=Combrink|first8=S.|last9=Bostock|first9=L. B.|last10=Zohary|first10=T.|last11=Twinch|first11=A. J.|last12=Thornton|first12=J. A.|last13=Scott|first13=W. E.|last14=Robarts|first14=R. D.|last15=Jarvis|first15=A. C.|last16=Hely-Hutchinson|first16=J. R.|last17=De Moor|first17=F. C.|last18=Cochrane|first18=K. L.|last19=Chutter|first19=P. M.|last20=Ashton|first20=P. J.}} 10. ^Turton, A.R. 2015. Water Pollution and South Africa’s Poor. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations. http://irr.org.za/reports-and-publications/occasional-reports/files/water-pollution-and-south-africas-poor 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tyc.co.za/history.html|title=History|publisher=Transvaal Yacht Club|accessdate=2009-01-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205024502/http://www.tyc.co.za/history.html|archivedate=5 December 2008|df=dmy-all}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Cholnoky|first1=B. J.|title=Hydrobiologische untersuchungen in transvaal II. Selbstreinigung im Jukskei-Crocodile Flusssystem|journal=Hydrobiologia|volume=11|issue=3-4|year=1958|pages=205–266|issn=0018-8158|doi=10.1007/BF00018693}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Allanson|first1=B. R.|last2=Gieskes|first2=J. M. T. M.|title=Part II An introduction to the limnology of Hartbeespoort Dam with special reference to the effect of industrial and domestic pollution|journal=Hydrobiologia|volume=18|issue=1-2|year=1961|pages=77–94|issn=0018-8158|doi=10.1007/BF00731364}} 14. ^Zohary, T., Jarvis, A. C., Chutter, F. M., Ashton, P. J., Robarts, R. D., 1988. The Hartbeespoort Dam ecosystem programme. Tech. rep., CSIR, WRC. URL http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/eutrophication/Zohary_1988_The_Hartbeespoort_Dam_ecosystem_programme.pdf 15. ^Harding WR, Thornton JA, Steyn G, Panuska J, Morrison IR. Hartbeespoort Dam Remediation Project (Phase 1) Action Plan Final Report (Volume II). North West Province DACE; 2004. Available from: http://www.dwa.gov.za/Harties/dam.asp 16. ^Van Ginkel CE, Silberbauer MJ. Temporal trends in total phosphorus, temperature, oxygen, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton populations in Hartbeespoort Dam and Roodeplaat Dam, South Africa, between 1980 and 2000. African Journal of Aquatic Science 32. 2007;1:63–70. Online: {{Cite web|url=https://kryptic-environment.co.za|title=Kryptic Environment|last=Van Ginkel|first=Carin|date=2019-03-03|website=Kryptic Environment|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-03}} 17. ^Turton, A.R., Schultz, C., Buckle, H, Kgomongoe, M., Malungani, T. & Drackner, M. 2006. Gold, Scorched Earth and Water: The Hydropolitics of Johannesburg. In Water Resources Development, Vol. 22., No. 2; 313-335. 18. ^Turton, A.R. 2015. Sitting on the Horns of a Dilemma: Water as a Strategic Resource in South Africa. In @Liberty, No 6, Issue 22. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations. Available online http://irr.org.za/reports-and-publications/atLiberty/files/liberty-2013-sitting-on-the-horns-of-a-dilemma-2013-water-as-a-strategic-resource-in-south-africa 19. ^Turton, A.R. 2016. South Africa and the Drought that Exposed a Young Democracy. In Water Policy (18); 210 – 227. http://wp.iwaponline.com/content/ppiwawaterpol/18/S2/210.full.pdf 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/Harties/dam.asp|title=Hartbeespoort Dam Remediation Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry|accessdate=2008-12-02}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.search.gov.za/info/previewDocument.jsp?dk=%2Fdata%2Fstatic%2Finfo%2Fspeeches%2F2008%2F08051912151003.htm%40Gov&q=%3Cphrase%3E+(issued+by%3A++department+of+water+affairs)+%3CAND%3E(+Category%3Cmatches%3Es+)&t=Water+Affairs+and+Forestry+on+Resource+Management+Plan+for+Hartbeespoort+Dam|title=Development of a Resource Management Plan (RMP) for Hartbeespoort Dam is nearing its final stages|date=19 May 2008|publisher=South African Government Information|accessdate=2008-12-02}} 22. ^1 {{cite news |last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title=Miljoene, maar dam bly nog vuil |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/12/27/B1/10/etharties.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130219113232/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/12/27/B1/10/etharties.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 February 2013 |accessdate=9 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=27 December 2012 }} 23. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Hart | first1 = R. C. | last2 = Harding | first2 = W. R. | year = 2015 | title = Impacts of fish on phosphorus budget dynamics of some SA reservoirs: evaluating prospects of 'bottom up' phosphorus reduction in eutrophic systems through fish removal (biomanipulation) | url = | journal = Water SA | volume = 41 | issue = 4| pages = 432–440 | doi = 10.4314/wsa.v41i4.01 }} 24. ^{{cite journal |last1=Hart |first1=Rob |last2=Matthews |first2=Mark |title=Bioremediation of South Africa's hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam: evaluating its effects by comparative analysis of a decade of MERIS satellite data in six control reservoirs |journal=Inland Waters |date=2018 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=96–108 |doi=10.1080/20442041.2018.1429068 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/IUGQdAGpRvekcuwQzC85/full |accessdate=29 July 2018}} External links{{Commons category-inline|Hartbeespoort Dam}}
6 : Dams completed in 1923|Dams in South Africa|Tourist attractions in North West (South African province)|Buildings and structures in North West (South African province)|Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Irrigation in South Africa |
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