| 词条 | Harveys Creek |
| 释义 |
| name = Harveys Creek | name_other = Harvey Creek, Harvey's Creek | image = Harveys Creek looking upstream 1.JPG | image_caption = Harveys Creek looking upstream in West Nanticoke | source1_location = Harveys Lake in Harveys Lake, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania | mouth_location = Susquehanna River in Plymouth Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|41.2197|-76.0165|region:US-PA|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | progression = Susquehanna River → Chesapeake Bay | source1_elevation = {{convert|1226|ft|m|abbr=on}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|518|ft|m|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|46.3|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = East Fork Harveys Creek | tributaries_right = Bear Hollow Creek, Paint Spring Run, Pikes Creek }} Harveys Creek (also known as Harvey Creek or Harvey's Creek[1]) is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|14.5|mi|km}} long and flows through Harveys Lake, Lake Township, Lehman Township, Jackson Township, and Plymouth Township.[2] The creek's watershed has an area of {{convert|46.3|sqmi|km2}}. The creek has four named tributaries, which are known as Bear Hollow Creek, Paint Spring Run, Pikes Creek, and East Fork Harveys Creek. The watershed is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery above Pikes Creek and as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery below it. The creek's source is Harveys Lake, the largest natural lake in Pennsylvania. Harveys Creek was used as a water supply as early as the beginning of the 1900s. A number of bridges have been constructed over the creek since the 1920s, and it has been dammed by the Bryant Pond Dam. It is possible to canoe on part of the creek. Rock formations consisting of sandstone and shale occur in the watershed. CourseHarveys Creek begins in Harveys Lake in the community of Harveys Lake. The creek flows southwest and soon enters Lake Township. A short distance downstream, it picks up the tributary Bear Hollow Creek and turns south for several miles. The creek receives the tributary Paint Spring Run during this stretch. It eventually enters Lehman Township and turns southeast, crossing Pennsylvania Route 118. Slightly more than a mile (two kilometers) downstream, the creek turns south again. It eventually enters Jackson Township, where it crosses Pennsylvania Route 29 and picks up the tributary Pikes Creek. It then turns southeast and enters a valley, where it flows roughly parallel to Pennsylvania Route 29 for a number of miles. The creek enters Plymouth Township and soon afterwards turns abruptly southwest. Several miles downstream it enters the community of West Nanticoke. Here, it crosses U.S. Route 11 and reaches its confluence with the Susquehanna River.[2] Harveys Creek joins the Susquehanna River {{convert|181.02|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.[3] TributariesHarveys Creek has four named tributaries: Bear Hollow Creek, Paint Spring Run, Pikes Creek, and East Fork Harveys Creek. Bear Hollow Creek joins Harveys Creek in the latter creek's upper reaches.[2] Paint Spring Run joins Harveys Creek {{convert|11.42|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth. Its watershed has an area of {{convert|2.35|sqmi|km2}}. Pikes Creek joins Harveys Creek {{convert|5.60|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth. Its watershed has an area of {{convert|11.6|sqmi|km2}}. East Fork Harveys Creek joins Harveys Creek {{convert|3.12|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth. Its watershed has an area of {{convert|7.31|sqmi|km2}}.[3] Hydrology and climateHigh levels of nutrients have been observed in the waters of Harveys Creek and the tributary East Fork Harveys Creek. Harveys Creek has been described as having "degraded conditions".[4] However, it is not considered to be impaired, although its tributary East Fork Harveys Creek is.[5]In the mid-1970s, the specific conductance of Harveys Creek at West Nanticoke ranged from 70 to 90 micro-siemens. The pH of the creek ranged from 6.5 to 7.8 and the concentration of dissolved oxygen ranged between 9.7 and 12.0 milligrams per liter. The concentration of water hardness ranged from 27 to 37 milligrams per liter.[6] During this time period, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the waters of Harveys Creek at West Nanticoke ranged from 0.3 to 8.7 milligrams per liter. The concentration of ammonia ranged from 0.026 to 0.077 milligrams per liter, the concentration of nitrogen in the form of nitrates ranged from 0.90 to 1.82 milligrams per liter, and the concentration of nitrogen in the form of nitrites ranged between 0.026 and 0.048 milligrams per liter. The concentration of phosphorus ranged from 0.040 to 0.160 milligrams per liter and the sulfate concentration ranged from 8.0 to 12.0 milligrams per liter. The chloride concentration ranged from 5.0 to 90.0 milligrams per liter. The concentration of magnesium in the waters of Harveys Creek at West Nanticoke ranged from 2.00 to 4.75 milligrams per liter. The concentration of calcium ranged between 6.40 and 8.80 milligrams per liter. The concentration of iron ranged from 120 to 740 micrograms per liter.[6] At the boundary between Lake Township and Lehman Township, the peak annual discharge of Harveys Creek has a 10 percent chance of reaching 1133 cubic feet per second. It has a 2 percent chance of reaching 2017 cubic feet per second, a 1 percent chance of reaching 2494 cubic feet per second, and a 0.2 percent chance of reaching 3909 cubic feet per second.[7] Upstream of the tributary Paint Spring Run, the peak annual discharge of Harveys Creek has a 10 percent chance of reaching 710 cubic feet per second. It has a 2 percent chance of reaching 1291 cubic feet per second and a 1 percent chance of reaching 1607 cubic feet per second. The peak annual discharge has a 0.2 percent chance of reaching 2553 cubic feet per second.[7] The average annual rate of precipitation in the watershed of Harveys Creek ranges from {{convert|35|to|45|in|cm}}.[8] The creek's water temperature is typically low, even in the summer.[9] During the 1970s, the water temperature of the creek was as low as {{convert|3.0|to|3.5|C|F}} in the winter and as high as {{convert|15.0|to|26.0|C|F}} in the spring and summer.[6] GeographyThe elevation near the mouth of Harveys Creek is {{convert|518|ft|m}} above sea level.[1] The elevation of the creek's source is {{convert|1226|ft|m}} above sea level. Its elevation around river mile 4 (river kilometer 7) is {{convert|900|ft|m}} above sea level. Upstream of this point, the creek's elevation decreases at a rate of {{convert|34.3|ft|m}} per mile. Downstream of that point, its elevation decreases at a rate of {{convert|97.2|ft|m}} per mile.[8] Harveys Creek is in the Wyoming Valley.[10] Much of Harveys Creek is in a forested gorge, which is situated in its lower reaches.[8][20] The upper reaches of its watershed contain swamps and glacial lakes.[8] The cliffs of Tilbury Knob are also situated near the mouth of the creek.[20] The creek's source is in Harveys Lake, which is the largest natural lake in Pennsylvania.[8][11] It flows in a generally southward direction.[8] The topography of the watershed of Harveys Creek is described as "rough and hilly" in a 1921 book. The creek's channel is sinuous and flows through rock formations consisting of sandstone and shale.[8] The creek was described as having "rushing waters" in a 2001 article in the Times Leader.[12] WatershedThe watershed of Harveys Creek has an area of {{convert|46.3|sqmi|km2}}.[3] The creek is in the Lower North Branch Susquehanna drainage basin. Its watershed is situated in the northwestern part of Luzerne County.[8] Upstream of the boundary between Lake Township and Lehman Township, the watershed has an area of {{convert|14.24|sqmi|km2}}. Upstream of the tributary Paint Spring Run, its watershed has an area of only {{convert|10.72|sqmi|km2}}.[7] The creek's mouth is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Nanticoke. However, its source is in the quadrangle of Harveys Lake. Additionally, it flows through the quadrangles of Wilkes-Barre West and Kingston.[1] Harveys Creek is one of four major sources of flooding in Lake Township. The other three are Pikes Creek, Fades Creek, and Beaver Run. However, the floods of these creeks have not caused much damage since Lake Township is relatively undeveloped.[7] Lakes in the watershed of Harveys Creek include a natural lake known as Harveys Lake, which has a surface area of 658.6 acres.[7][8] Pennsylvania Route 29 follows Harveys Creek for several miles.[9] Harveys Creek is dammed by a rockfill and earthfill dam known as Bryants Pond Dam. The dam is {{convert|425|ft|m}} long, with a height of {{convert|19|ft|m}}.[13] Harveys Creek and its tributary Pikes Creek are used by the Pennsylvania American Water Company Ceasetown as a water supply for part or all of 15 municipalities and communities, including Wilkes-Barre, Nanticoke, Shickshinny, and others. As of 2002, the creeks supply 67,500 people with water. Pennsylvania American Water Company Ceasetown is permitted to take 16 million gallons of water per day from them.[14] HistoryThe United States Board on Geographic Names made an official decision pertaining to Harveys Creek in 1950. Harveys Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1217352.[1] Historically, the Great Warrior Path of the Native Americans crossed Harveys Creek near its mouth. The path ran from Sunbury to Athens.[15] In December 1775, a battle known as Plunkett's Battle was fought along the Susquehanna River very close to the creek.[40][16] This battle was one of the major battles in the Yankee-Pennamite Wars.[17] The first schoolhouse in the lower part of Plymouth Township was built by Jameson Harvey near the mouth of Harveys Creek in 1834. The first mill in Lehman Township was built on the creek in 1837. In 1849, Johnathan Williams constructed a small mill on the creek.[17] In 1869, a mining disaster occurred at the Avondale Mine just east of Harveys Creek. This event killed 108 people.[15] In the early 1900s, communities in the watershed of Harveys Creek included Alderson, West Nanticoke, Shawanese, Pikes Creek, Laketon, and Ceases Mills. Their populations in 1921 were 386, 300, 150, 76, 73, and 55, respectively. The main industries in the watershed at that time were agriculture and summer resorts.[8] As early as the 1890s, the Nanticoke Water Company (which was formed in 1885) pumped water from the creek via gravity lines.[17] In the early 1900s, Harveys Creek and its tributary Pikes Creek were used as a water supply by the Spring Brook Water Supply Company. The creeks supplied Nanticoke, West Nanticoke, Plymouth, and Glen Lyon.[8] In 2001, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission banned alcoholic beverages within {{convert|25|ft|m}} of an 8.5-mile-stretch of Harveys Creek.[18] BridgesA steel girder and floorbeam system bridge carrying T-486/East Poplar Street was constructed over Harveys Creek in 1924. It is {{convert|53.2|ft|m}} long. A two-span concrete tee beam bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 29 over the creek was built in 1927 and repaired in 1980. It is situated in Jackson Township and is {{convert|78.1|ft|m}} long. In 1935, another two-span concrete tee beam bridge, this one carrying Pennsylvania Route 118, was constructed over the creek. It is {{convert|56.1|ft|m}} long and is situated in Lehman Township. Another two-span bridge, this one a steel stringer bridge, was constructed over the creek in Lehman Township in 1952. It is {{convert|69.9|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 1016.[19] A four-span steel culvert bridge carrying State Route 1048/Meeker Road over Harveys Creek was built in 1977. It is {{convert|29.9|ft|m}} long and is in Lehman Township. In 1992, a prestressed box beam bridge was built over the creek. It is {{convert|39.0|ft|m}} long and carries T-497/Pavlick Road. A bridge of the same type and length, but carrying T-499/Zbick Road was built over the creek in 1993. One more bridge of the same type was built over the creek in Lehman Township in 1997. It is {{convert|40.0|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 1059/Fedor Road.[19] A bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 29 over Harveys Creek in Plymouth Township was built in 2005. It is a two-span prestressed box beam bridge with a length of {{convert|84.0|ft|m}}.[19] BiologyUpstream of the tributary Pikes Creek, Harveys Creek and its drainage basin are designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. Downstream of Pikes Creek, Harveys Creek and its drainage basin are designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.[20] Wild trout naturally reproduce in a stretch of the creek from Meeker Outlet Road/T810, downstream to its mouth. This stretch is {{convert|10.86|mi|km}} long.[21] Harveys Creek is inhabited by brown trout and native brook trout. It is stocked with fish.[9] RecreationIt is possible to canoe on {{convert|5.4|mi|km}} of Harveys Creek during a fast snowmelt or within two days of heavy rain. Its difficulty rating ranges between 2 and 4 and Edward Gertler describes the scenery along the creek as "good to very good" in his book Keystone Canoeing. Gertler also describes it as an "obscure torrent". The creek is considered to be suitable for advanced paddlers.[22] In the late 1980s, Harveys Creek was the most popular trout stream in Luzerne County.[15] A 1991 book stated that the creek was the most extensively stocked and fished stream in the county.[23] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{Citation|author = Geographic Names Information System|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1217352,Harveys%20Creek|title = Feature Detail Report for: Harveys Creek|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 2. ^1 2 {{Citation|author = United States Geological Survey|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map|accessdate = September 8, 2014}} 3. ^1 2 {{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = September 8, 2014}} 4. ^{{Citation|author = Susquehanna River Basin Commission|url = http://www.srbc.net/pubinfo/techdocs/publication_263/techreport263.pdf|title = Susquehanna River Basin Commission Middle Susquehanna Subbasin Year-1 Survey|date = September 2009|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 5. ^{{Citation|author = United States Environmental Protection Agency|url = http://ofmpub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_watershed.control?p_state=PA&p_huc=02050107&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|archive-url = https://archive.is/20150201031056/http://ofmpub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_watershed.control?p_state=PA&p_huc=02050107&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|dead-url = yes|archive-date = February 1, 2015|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Upper Susquehanna-Lackawanna Watershed|year = 2006|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 6. ^1 2 {{Citation|author = United States Geological Survey|url = http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/pa/nwis/qwdata/?site_no=01537650&agency_cd=USGS&inventory_output=0&rdb_inventory_output=file&TZoutput=0&pm_cd_compare=Greater%20than&radio_parm_cds=all_parm_cds&format=html_table&qw_attributes=0&qw_sample_wide=wide&rdb_qw_attributes=0&date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&rdb_compression=file&submitted_form=brief_list|title = USGS 01537650 Harveys Creek at West Nanticoke, PA|accessdate = March 8, 2015}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{Citation|author = Federal Emergency Management Agency|url = http://www.r3levees.org/wiki/images/2/23/42079CV001A.pdf|title = Flood Insurance Study VOLUME 1 of 6 LUZERNE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA (ALL JURISDICTIONS)|pages = 23, 35, 49|accessdate = February 1, 2015|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160134/http://r3levees.org/wiki/images/2/23/42079CV001A.pdf|archivedate = April 2, 2015|df = }} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{Citation|author = Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-mM_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA177&dq=%22Pine+Creek%22+huntington+creek|title = Water Resources Inventory Report|page = 372|year = 1921}} 9. ^1 2 {{Citation|author = Tom Gilmore|publisher = Wilderness Adventures Press|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mj1mAK896b4C&pg=PA252&lpg=PA252&dq=%22Harveys+Creek%22+luzerne+county+pa|title = Flyfisher's Guide to the Big Apple|page = 252|year = 2010}} 10. ^{{citation|author = Eastern Pennsylvania Coalition for Abandoned Mine Restoration|url = http://epcamr.org/home/watersheds/wyoming-valley-watersheds/|title = Wyoming Valley Watersheds|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 11. ^{{Citation|author = United States Environmental Protection Agency|url = http://www.epa.gov/reg3wapd/nps/success/pa_harveys_lake.htm|title = Harveys Lake, Pennsylvania – Nonpoint Source Success Story|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 12. ^{{Citation|author = Michael McNarney|work = Times Leader|url = http://archives.timesleader.com/2001/2001_10/2001_07_08_DESPITE_KNOWING_RISKS__MANY_PERSIST_IN_FREQUENTING_AREA_SWIMMING.html|title = Despite knowing risks, many persist in frequenting area swimming holes where some have lost their lives|date = July 8, 2001|accessdate = February 1, 2015|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150208071123/http://archives.timesleader.com/2001/2001_10/2001_07_08_DESPITE_KNOWING_RISKS__MANY_PERSIST_IN_FREQUENTING_AREA_SWIMMING.html|archivedate = February 8, 2015|df = }} 13. ^{{Citation|author = Frederick Futchko|url = http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA078869|title = National Dam Inspection Program. Bryant Pond Dam (NDI I.D. Number PA-00544 DER I.D. Number 40-11), Susquehanna River Basin, Harveys Creek, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Phase I Inspection Report|date = July 1979|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 14. ^{{Citation|author = Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection|url = http://www.elibrary.dep.state.pa.us/dsweb/Get/Document-59626/Ceasetown%20RS2409002001.pdf|title = Source Water Assessment Public Summary Pennsylvania American Water Company – Ceasetown PWSID 2409002 Harveys Creek, 001, and Ceasetown Reservoir, 002|date = May 2002|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 15. ^1 2 {{Citation|author = Mike Sajna|publisher = F. Amato Publications|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CXnWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Harveys+Creek%22+%22luzerne+county%22+pa&dq=%22Harveys+Creek%22+%22luzerne+county%22+pa|title = Pennsylvania Trout & Salmon Fishing Guide|page = 156|year = 1988}} 16. ^{{citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u1mTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=%22Plunkett%27s+Battle%22&source=bl&ots=huGPpYZLHo&sig=cKTD4haFXf3yvj3H_NrE81_nk2U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv856JqJDKAhUJ6yYKHff2DxoQ6AEIJDAC#v=onepage&q=%22Plunkett%27s%20Battle%22&f=false|title = The Luzerne Legal Register, Volume 13|page = 246|year = 1884|accessdate = January 4, 2016}} 17. ^1 2 3 {{Citation|editor = Henry C. Bradsby|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4BkVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=luzerne+county,+pa|title = History of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|year = 1893}} 18. ^{{Citation|work=Pennsylvania Bulletin |url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol31/31-46/2075.html|title = NOTICES FISH AND BOAT COMMISSION Alcohol Restriction; Harveys Creek, Luzerne County|date = November 16, 2001|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 19. ^1 2 {{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/luzerne/|title = Luzerne County|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 20. ^{{Citation|work=Pennsylvania Code |url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9k.html|title = § 93.9k. Drainage List K. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 21. ^{{Citation|author = Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission|url = http://fishandboat.com/trout_repro.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Wild Trout Waters (Natural Reproduction) - Jan 2015|page = 48|date = January 2015|accessdate = February 1, 2015}} 22. ^1 2 {{Citation|author = Edward Gertler|publisher = Seneca Press|title = Keystone Canoeing|page = 245|year = 1984}} 23. ^{{Citation|author = Dwight Landis|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=D_TtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Harveys+Creek+is+the+most+heavily+stocked+and+heavily+fished%22&dq=%22Harveys+Creek+is+the+most+heavily+stocked+and+heavily+fished%22|title = Trout Streams of Pennsylvania: An Angler's Guide|page = 47|year = 1991}} External links{{Commons category|Harveys Creek}}{{Good article}}{{Susquehanna River System}} 3 : Rivers of Pennsylvania|Tributaries of the Susquehanna River|Rivers of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania |
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