| 词条 | Hawthorn shield bug |
| 释义 |
| image = Hawthorn shield bug (Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale).jpg | image_caption = Imago | image2 = Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale nymph 20080828 178 cmns.jpg | image2_caption = Nymph | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Hemiptera | familia = Acanthosomatidae | genus = Acanthosoma | species = A. haemorrhoidale | binomial = Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale | binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) }} The hawthorn shield bug (Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale) is a common European shield bug.[1] Its chief food is haws, the fruit of the hawthorn tree, but adults can overwinter on a diet of leaves, and individuals can be found on many potential food plants, including pedunculate oak, sessile oak and whitebeam.[2] They may grow up to {{convert|17|mm|in|abbr=on}} long, and are camouflaged in shades of green and brown. Like many so-called "stink bugs", they may release unpleasant odours when disturbed.[3] BiologyThe dark green scutellum band is trapezoidal in shape, and extends from the dorsal pronotum to the forewing hemelytral membrane which accounts for the final third of the main body length. The front wings lie flat without flight, with the scleratized pronotum and corium regions, coloured in a dark red pigmentation. The compound eyes are also pigmented red. There is a speckled pigmentation extending from the upper dorsal thorax to the abdominal region.[4] The tarsi are 2-segmented and antennae 5-segmented. As a heteropteran phytophagyte of mainly green leafed trees and red berries, the species feeds through the anterior section of the rostrum, which suctions liquidised plant tissue, semi-digested by the delivery of saliva enzymes from the posterior sector of the rostrum. The rostrum beak acts as a modified proboscis formed by the interlocking of mandibular and maxillary stylet into a double-tubed elongation covered by the labium. The structure is needle shaped and penetrates beyond the cuticle and epidermis layer to access the vascular tissue of the mesophyll layer of the leaf. The rostrum pricks into berries to access fruit sugars. As a stress response, an orange secretion is secreted from gland openings in the thorax.[5] Distribution and behaviourThe hawthorn shield bug is found across Europe, from Portugal to Russia, and is common in the southern part of Great Britain. Its distribution appears to be spreading north, being reported as far north as Manchester only in 1892, but having now extended its range to Northern England and even the Scottish Highlands.[6] In Britain and North Western Europe the species is generally active between the months of April and October, although specimens can reappear from hibernation during periods of unseasonable warm weather in the winter.[7] The hawthorn shield bug is a distinctive species, but could be confused with the birch shield bug, Elasmostethus interstinctus.[8] See also
References1. ^{{cite book |author=Michael Chinery |title=Insects of Britain and Northern Europe |edition=3rd |publisher=Collins |year=1993 |isbn=0-00-219918-1}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1077448}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o107-hawthornshieldbug.php |title=Hawthorn shieldbug — Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale |publisher=English Nature |accessdate=2007-05-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704000414/http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o107-hawthornshieldbug.php |archivedate=2007-07-04 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.uksafari.com/hawthornshieldbug.htm |title=Hawthorn shield bug |publisher=UK Safari |year=2006 |author=G. Bradley}} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Daly |first=Howell V. |title=Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-510033-6}} 5. ^{{cite book |last=Chinery |first=Michael |title=Insects of Britain and Northern Europe |edition=3rd |year=1993 |publisher=Collins |isbn=0-00-219918-1}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lakelandwildlife.co.uk/template.asp?SpeciesName=Acanthosoma%20haemorrhoidale&PageID=pic1 |title=Hawthorn Shieldbug Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale |publisher=Tullie House Museum |accessdate=2007-05-08}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Hawthorn Shield Bug|url=http://www.wildlifetrusts.org/species/hawthorn-shield-bug|work=The Wildlife Trusts|accessdate=3 January 2012}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Acanthosomatidae/a_haemorrhoidale.html |title=Hawthorn Shieldbug Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale |author=Tristan Bantock & Joseph Botting |year=2009 |work=British Bugs: an online identification guide to UK Hemiptera}} 4 : Acanthosomatidae|Hemiptera of Europe|Insects described in 1758|Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
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